4.1 Combining Forms


What Are Combining Forms, and why does Ayola Treat them Specially?


Princeton Wordnet (http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=combining%20form) defines a combining form succinctly as

A bound form used only in compounds.


Wiktionary (http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/combining_form) defines a combining form as:

A form of a word used for combining with other words or other combining forms to make new words. A combining form may conjoin with an independent word (e.g., mini- + skirt), another combining form (e.g., photo- + -graphy) or an affix (e.g., cephal + -ic); it is thus distinguished from an affix, which can be added to either a free word or a combining form but not solely to another affix (e.g., Iceland + -ic but not pro- + -ic). It can also be distinguished historically from an affix when it is borrowed from another language in which it is descriptively a word (e.g., the French mal gave the English mal- in malodorous) or a combining form (e.g., the Greek kako-, a combining form of kakos, gave the English caco- in cacography).


If these definitions leave one with the impression that combining forms are an obscure grammatical concept that can be disregarded in designing an international auxiliary language such as Ayola, that impression is incorrect. The importance of combining forms comes from the fact that they are exceptionally international and consistent across languages. When looking at text in an unfamiliar language, educated people will invariably recognize words that begin and end with combining forms. We have concluded that we cannot afford to apply Ayola spelling and word-formation rules to combining forms in such a way as to make them less recognizable and universal.



We ended up deciding that we would derive combining forms in Ayola from their original Latin, Greek or other source language, allowing the common spelling of the word, rather than its most common pronunciation, to guide Ayola spelling. For example, acet- (acetic acid or acetyl radical) is spelled with a ‘c’ in Ayola, even though it is universally pronounced with an ‘s’ sound.


As the Wikpedia definition makes clear, the difference between an affix (a prefix, suffix or infix) and a combining form lies in the way it can combine with other elements as well as in its historical derivation.

In Ayola, the rules for conjoining roots and combining forms are shown in the following table:


First Element of Word

Root as second element

Comb. form as second element

Root

follow native Ayola rules:

e.g. en + centra = encentra

NOT OK:

*kristalo + -grafiokristalografio

*oceano + -grafiooceanografio

Comb. form

Some are OK:

e.g. atmo- + sfero = atmosfero

All are OK:

e.g. foto- + -grafio = fotografio

poli- + -gono = poligono


Combining forms can be used to modify an Ayola word: e.g. atmosfero is a kind of sphere (sfero), but the reverse is not possible because there is no word *ologio or *grafio for fota or kristala to modify.


Note that some combining forms, for example acet-/aceto- and kalc-/kalci- have two variants. The consonant-ending variant is used to prefix vowels, whereas the vowel-ending variant is used to prefix consonants.


acet- + -at- + -o -> acetato aceto- + -fenetidin- + -o -> acetofenetidino

kalc- + -it- + -o -> kalcito kalci- + -kol- + o -> kalcikolo


As noted elsewhere, Ayola has a small number of single-syllable words known as Elementary Words. While we have not generally allowed these syllable to appear as the first syllable of regular Ayola words, due to the importance of spelling combining forms in a recognizable way, we have permitted prefix combining forms to begin with these syllables:


ce: cefal-, cefalo-, cerebro-

ci: cisto-, cito-

ker: kerato-

la: labio-, lameli-, laporo-, laring-, laringo-

no: nomo-, noso-, noto-


Besides combining forms, certain other internationally-used words have also been allowed to begin with the same syllable as an Elementary Word: e.g. keroseno, laguno, logaritmo, and nobeliumo.


In forming native Ayola words, we have been careful to avoid “collisions” between native words ad combining forms. Since Ayola nouns end in –o, as do many combining forms, we needed to be particularly vigilant with such nouns. In such cases, we looked at the natural languages for roots with slightly different pronunciation, length or spelling:


Combining Form

Noun

Derivation Method

amnio-

amniono

Root has an additional part in some languages

angio

angiono

Root has an additional part in some languages

apendiko-

apendikso

Root is sightly different in some langauge(s)

bakterio-

bakteriumo

Root has an additional part in some languages

brankio-

brancio

Root is sightly different in some langauge(s)

bronko-

bronkoso

Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek)

djedjuno-

djedjunumo

Root has an additional part in some languages

embrio

embriono

Root has an additional part in some languages

faringo-

farinkso

Root is sightly different in some langauge(s)

heliko-

helikso

Root is sightly different in some langauge(s)

histo-

histoso

Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek)

ideo-

ideho

Root was identical to combining form. ‘h’ added to root to distinguish.

ikono-

ikonho

Root was identical to combining form. ‘h’ added to root to distinguish.

ileo-

ileumo

Root has an additional part in some languages

ilio-

iliumo

Root has an additional part in some languages

imuno-

imyuna (adjective)

Root is sightly different in some langauge(s)

kortiko-

kortikso

Root is sightly different in some langauge(s)

kosmo-

kosmoso

Root has an additional part in some languages

kranio-

kraniono

Root has an additional part in some languages

kumulo-

kumuluso

Root has an additional part in some languages

laringo-

larinkso

Root is sightly different in some langauge(s)

mielo-

mieloso

Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek)

mito

mitoso

Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek)

muko-

mukuso

Root has an additional part in some languages

neutro-

neutrala

Root has an additional part in some languages

nimbo-

nimbuso

Root has an additional part in some languages

nukleo-

nukleuso

Root has an additional part in some languages

osteo-

osteono

Root has an additional part in some languages

proprio-

proprietaro

Root has an additional part in some languages

radio-

radiho

Root was identical to combining form. ‘h’ added to root to distinguish.

rekti-

recta

Root is sightly different in some langauge(s)

sero-

serumo

Root has an additional part in some languages

socio-

societo

Root has an additional part in some languages

spermo-

spermho

Root was identical to combining form. ‘h’ added to root to distinguish.

sporo-

sporoso

Root has an additional part in original language (often Greek)

strati-

stratumo

Root has an additional part in some languages

strato-

stratuso

Root has an additional part in some languages

tciklo-

tcikelo

Root is sightly different in some langauge(s)

tciro-

tciruso

Root has an additional part in some languages

uro-

urino

Root has an additional part in some languages




In Ayola, there are only to positions where a combining form may appear in a word: at the beginning (prefix) or at the end (suffix). Below are lists of Ayola’s prefix and suffix combining forms in alphabetical order:


Prefix Combining Forms

Ayola Comb Form

English Meaning

English Comb Form

Related Word(s)

acet-, aceto-

(acetic acid, acetyl radical)

acet-, aceto-

acetica

aden-, adeno-

(gland(s))

aden-, adeno-

glando

aer-, aero-

(air, gas, atmosphere)

aer-, aero-

lufto

agri-

(farming)

agri-

farmare

agro-

(field, earth, soil)

agro-

campo, soylo

akant-, akanto-

(thorn)

acanth-, acantho-

dorno

akro-

(height, summit)

acro-

larta, kulmo

aktin-, aktino-

(radial structure; radiation, radioactivity)

actin-, actino-

avraya, radiyare, radioaktiva

akwi-

(water)

aqui-

vodo

algo-

(pain)

algo-

smertare

alti- alto-

alti- alto-


larta

amfi-

(on both sides, on all sides; around)

amphi-

tcirku

amil-, amilo-

(starch)

amyl-, amylo-

startco

amino- |>

(var. of amino)

amino-

aminumo

ana-

(upward progression; reversion; renewal, intensification)

ana-

#

andr-, andro-

(male sex, masculine; stamen, anther)

andr-, andro-

maskla

anemo-

(wind)

anemo-

vento

angio-

(vessel)

angio-

angiono

aniso-

(not equal, not alike)

aniso-

non-egla, nonsimila

ant-, anti-

(opposition to, counteraction; opposite to, converse operation)

ant-, anti-

antiru, kawnteru

anto-

(flower)

antho-

floro

antropo-

(man, human)

anthropo-

humano

ap-, apo-

(being away from; lack of; separation of; metasomatism)

ap-, apo-

awtu

arc-, arci-

(chief)

arch-, archi-

tcefa

arkeo-

(ancient times, early condition)

archaeo-, archeo-

anciena

artr-, artro-

(joint)

artr-, arthro-

artiko

asko-

(saclike part, bladderlike part)

asco-

vesiko

astr-, astro-

(star, star-shaped; that which pertains to outer space)

astr-, astro-

stelo

atmo-

(presence of or relation to vapor)

atmo-

gaso, vaporo

ato-

(one- quintillionth)

atto-

kwintiliontelo

audio-

(hearing, sound)

audio-

awdare

aut-, auto-

(acting or directed from within, self-propelled; self, same)

aut-, auto-

selfo





bakter-, bakteri-, bakterio-

(bacteria, bacterial activity)

bacter-, bacteri-, bacterio-

bakteriumo

bari-

(heavy)

bary-

peza

baro-

(weight, pressure)

baro-

peza, presare

bene-

(good)

bene-

bona

bi-, bin-

(two; twice)

bi-, bin-

dusa

biblio-

(book)

biblio-

libro

bio-, bi-

(life, living organisms)

bio-, bi-

vivare

blasto-

(growth, budding, germination)

blasto-

kreskare, burjonetcare

bradi-

(slowness)

brady-

lenta

braki-

(shortness)

brachy-

breva

brakio-

(arm)

brachio-

bratco

brankio-

(branchiae, gills)

brankio-

brancio

bronk-, bronko-

(bronchi, windpipe)

bronch-, broncho-

bronkoso

but-

(chemical compound containing four carbon atoms in a chain)

but-

kwara





cefal-, cefalo-

(head)

cephal-, cephalo-

kapito

cerebro-

(brain)

cerebro-

cervelo

cent-, centi-

(a hundreth)

centi-

tcentelo

cirkum-

(around, on all sides)

circum-

tcirku

cisto-

(bladder)

cysto-

vesiko

cito-

(cell) (in biology)

cyto-

tcelo





deci-

(one tenth)

deci-

dectelo

dek-, deka-

(ten)

dec-, deca-, deka-

deca

demi-

(half; less than full status)

demi-

halfa

demo-

(people)

demo-

populo

dendr-, dendri-, dendro-

(tree)

dendr-, dendri-, dendro-

arboro

derm-, derma-

(skin)

derm-, derma-

hudo

dermat-, dermato-

(skin)

dermat-, dermato-

hudo

deuter-, deutero-, deuto

(second, secondary)

deuter-, deutero-, deuto-

dusta

di-

(two, double)

di-

dusa

dia-

(through; across; over, at right angles; in different directions)

di-, dia

travu, gansu

diko-

(two parts, division into two parts)

dicho-

dusa

dina-

(power)

dyna-

potenta

dino-

(terrifying)

dino-

crikare

dipl-, diplo-

(double)

dipl-, diplo-

dusupla

djejuno-

(jejunum)

jejuno-

djedjunumo

dodeka-

(twelve)

dodeca-

dec-dusa

duo-

(two)

duo-

dusa





edi-

(building, house)

edi-

zdanyo, hawso

eko-

(house, household, habitat)

eco-

hawso

eksa-

(quintillion)

exa-

kwintiliona

ekso-

(outside of, external, beyond )

exo-

awtu

ekto-

(outside, external part, external surface)

ecto-

awtu, eksteriora

ekwi-

(equality)

equi-

eglare

elektr-, elektro-

(electric; electrically; electrolysis)

electr-, electro-

elektrica

enantio-

(opposite)

enantio-

opozu

encefal-, encefalo-

(brain)

encephal-, encephalo-

tcerebro

end-, endo-

(inside, within)

end-, endo-

enu

ene-, enea-

(nine)

enne- ennea-

nawfa

enter-, entero-

(intestine)

enter-, entero-

intestino

entomo-

(insect)

entomo-

insekto

eo-

(early period of time; early form, early representative)

eo-

frua

epi-

(on, upon; over, above; around, covering; to, toward, close to, next to; besides, in addition; after; among)

epi-

onu, overu, tcirku

ergo-

(work)

ergo-

pracare

eritr-, eritro-

(red)

erythr-, erythro-

ruja

eso-

(within, inside)

eso-

enu

et-

(chemical compound with two carbon atoms in chain)

eth-

dusa

etn-, etno-

(race, people)

ethn-, ethno-

raso, populo

eu-

(well, pleasant, beneficial; derivative of a specified substance)

eu-

bone

euri-

(broad, wide)

eury-

angusta





fago-

(eating)

phago-

mandjare

faringo

(pharynx)

pharingo-

farinkso

farmako-

(drug)

pharmaco-

drogo

faylo-

(tribe, race)

phylo-

tribo, raso

fen-, feno-

(showing, displaying; containing or related to benzene)

phen-, pheno-

montrare; benzeno

femto-

(one-quadrillionth)

femto-

kwadriliontelo

filo-

(love)

philo-

amare

fisi-

(split, cleft shape)

fissi-

splitare

fit-, fito-

(plant, plant life)

phyt-, phyto-

planto

fiz-, fizio-

(natural, nature; physical)

phys-, physio-

fiziko

fleb-, flebo-

(vein)

phleb-, phlebo-

veyno

fluor-, fluoro-

(fluorine in compound; fluorescence)

fluor-, fluoro-

fluoreskare, fluorino

fon-, fono-

(voice, sound)

phon-, phono-

votco, sono

fot-, foto-

(light; photographic)

phot-, photo-

lumo; fotografare

fren-, freno-

(mind; diaphragm)

phren-, phreno-

menso

fwil-, fwilo-

(leaf)

phyll-, phyllo-

folyo





galakt-, galakto-

(milk, milky)

galact-, galacto

milko

gamo-

(sexual union; union, fusion)

gamo-

koitare

gastr-, gastro-

(stomach)

gastr-, gastro-

stomako

geo-

(earth)

geo-

tero

geront-, geronto-

(old age, old people)

geront-, geronto-

vyela

giga-

(one billion)

giga-

biliona

gin-, gino-

(woman, female; female reproductive organ)

gyn-, gyno-

femala

gineko-

(women)

gyneco-

fema

gimno-

(naked)

gymno-

nuda

glik-, gliko-

(sugar; glycogen)

glyc-, glyco-

sukero

gloso-

(tongue)

glosso-

lango

gloto-

(tongue)

glotto-

lango

gnato-

(jaw)

gnatho-

fawko

grafo-

(write, writing)

grapho-

skribare





hagi-, hagio-

(saint, body of saints; sacred place, holy place)

hagi-, hagio-

santa

hal-, halo-

(salt, sea)

hal-, halo-

salo

haplo-

(single)

haplo-

unta

heks-, heksa-

(six)

hex-, hexa-

sesa

hekt-, hekto-

(one hundred)

hect-, hecto-

tcena

heliko-

(helix, spiral)

helico-

helikso

helio-

(sun, of sun, by sun)

helio-

Suno

hem-, hema-, hemo-

(blood)

hem-, hema-, hemo-

sango

hem-, hemi-

(half)

hem-, hemi-

halfa

hemat-, hemato-

(blood)

hemat-, hemato-

sango

hendeka-

(eleven)

hendeca-

dec-una

hept-, hepta-

(seven)

hept-, hepta-

sepa

herpeto-

(reptile)

herpeto-

reptilio

heter-, hetero-

(other, another, different)

heter-, hetero-

otra

hialo-

(glass)

hyalo-

vitro

hidr-, hidro-

(water; liquid; composed of or combined with hydrogen; hydroid)

hydr-, hydro-

vodo

hiero-

(sacred, holy)

hiero-

hidrogeno

hieto-

(rain)

hyeto-

pluvo

higro-

(wet, moist, moisture)

hygro-

mokra

hip-, hipo-

(below, beneath; at a lower point; abnormally low; deficient; partial, incomplete)

hyp-, hypo-

underu

hiper-

(over, above, in great amount; in abnormal excess)

hyper-

plusare

hipn-, hipno-

(sleep; hypnosis)

hypn-, hypno-

dormare, hipnotizare

hister-, histero-

( hysteria)

hyster-, hystero-

histerio

hist-, histo-

(bodily tissue)

hist-, histo-

histoso

hodo-

(way, path)

hodo-

vego, pada

hol-, holo-

(whole, a whole, entirely)

hol-, holo-

tuta

homeo-, homoyo-

(like, similar)

homeo-, homoio-

licu, simila

homo-

(same, like)

homo-

mema, simila

huster-, hustero-

(womb, uterus)

hyster- hystero-

utero





ideo-

(idea)

ideo-

ideho

idio-

(individuality, peculiarity, isolation, spontaneity)

idio-

pekuliera

ikosa-

(twenty)

icosa-

-

ikti-, iktyo-

(fish)

ichthy-, ichthyo-

pisko

ileo-

(ileum)

ileo-

ileumo

ilio-

(ilium)

ilio-

iliumo

imuno-

(immune, immunity)

immuno-

imyuna

infra-

(below, beneath, inferior to; after, later)

infra-

underu

intra-

(in, inside of, within)

intra-

enu

intro-

(in, into; inward)

intro-

alenu, torenu

is-, iso-

(equal, identical, similar; isometric)

is-, iso-

eglare, identare









juksta-

(close, near, beside)

juxta-

niru, apudu





kako-

(bad, incorrect, unpleasant)

caco-

mala

kalc-, kalci-

(lime, calcium)

calc-, calci-

kaltco, kalciumo

kali-

(beauty)

calli-

bela

kardi-, kardio-

(heart)

cardi-, cardio-

kworo

karpo-

(fruit)

carpo-

frukto

karyo-

(nucleus of a living cell)

caryo-, karyo-

tcelay nukleuso

kata-

(reversing of a process; lower in position, down from)

cata-

reversa

kayno-

(new, fresh)

ceno-

nuva, freca

kenho-

(empty)

ceno-

pusta

kerato-

(horn)

kerato-

korno

keylo-

(lip)

chilo-

usno

kilo-

(one thousand)

kilo-

mila

kineto-

(movement)

kineto-

movare

kiro-

(of hand, with hand)

chiro-

mano

klado-

(branch)

clado-

ramo

klepto-

(thief)

klepto-

krastare

klino-

(slope)

clino-

inklina

klor-, kloro-

(green; chlorine)

chlor-, chloro-

verda; klorino

koel-, koelo-

(cavity within a body or bodily organ)

coel-, coelo-

kavo

kopro-

(dung, excrement, feces)

copro-

sterko

koreo-

(dance)

choreo-

dansare

kortik-, kortiko-

(cortex)

cortic-, cortico-

kortikso

kosm-, kosmo-

(world, universe)

cosm-, cosmo-

kosmoso

koyno-

(common)

ceno-

komuna

krani-, kranio-

(cranium, cranial)

crani-, cranio-

kraniono

krio-

(cold, freezing, frost)

cryo-

frida

kript-, kripto-

(hidden, secret)

crypt-, crypto-

sekreta

kriso-

(gold)

chryso-

aurumo

krom-, kromo-

(color, colored, staining, pigment; chromium, chromic acid)

chrom-, chromo-

koloro; kromiumo

kromat-, kromato-

(color, staining, pigmentation; chromatin)

chromat-, chromato-

koloro; kromatino

kron-, krono-

(time)

chron-, chrono-

tempo

ksant-, ksanto-

(yellow)

xanth-, xantho-

flava

kseno-

(strange, foreign, or different)

xeno-

fremda

kser-, ksero-

(dryness)

xer-, xero-

seka

ksil-, ksilo-

(wood; xylene)

xyl-, xylo-

ligno

kteno-

(rake, comb)

cteno-

grabyo, kombo

kumulo-

(cumulus cloud)

cumulo-

kumuluso

kwadr-, kwadri-, kwadru-

(four)

quadr-, quadri-, quadru-

kwara





labio-

(formed with lips)

labio-

lebo

lameli-

(plate, scale)

lamelli-

skwamo

laporo-

(abdominal wall)

laporo-

abdomenay muro

laring-, laringo-

(larynx, pertaining to the larynx)

laryng-, laryngo-

larinkso

lepido-

(scale, flake)

lepido-

fleko

lept-, lepto-

(slender, thin, fine)

lept-, lepto-

minsa

leuk-, leuko-

(white, colorless; leukocyte)

leuco-, leuk-, leuko-

alba

limno-

(lake)

limno-

lyako

lipo-

(ft, fatty)

lipo-

graso

lis-, liso-

(instance or act of loosening, dissolving, or freeing)

lys-, lyso-

lusa

lit-, lito-

(stone)

lith-, litho-

stono





magneto-

(magnetic properties)

magneto-

magnetica

magni-

(great, large)

magni-

granda

makr-, makro-

(largeness or longness in extent, duration, or size)

macr-, macro-

granda

mast-, masto-

(breast)

masto-

mamo

mega-

(one million; large)

mega-

granda

megalo-

(largeness, greatness, exaggerated size)

megalo-

granda

mekano-

(machine)

mechano-

macino

melan-, melano-

(blackness, darkness)

melano-, melano-

nigra

mero-

(parts, segments)

mero-

parto

mes-, meso-

(middle, center, intermediate)

mes-, meso-

midlo

met-

(hydrocarbon with one carbon atom; chemical compound containing methyl )

meth-

-

meta-

(situated behind; occurring later; beyond, transcending; changed or involving change; alternating)

meta-

prapu, postu

metro-

(measure)

metro-

mezrare

mielo-

(marrow, spinal cord)

myelo-

mieloso

mik-, miko-

(fungus)

myc-, myco-

fungo

mikro-

(smaller, inner, or more detailed of two contrasting things; instrument or technique for working with small quantities; use of a microscope and related tools; abnormally small size; amplification or enlargement; one-millionth)

micro-

parva, miliontelo

mili-

(one-thousandth)

milli-

miltelo

mini-

(smaller or shorter than other members of its class)

mini-

parva

miria-

(very large or countless number; ten thousand)

myria-

multa

mito-

(myth)

mytho-

mitoso

mizo-

(hating, hatred)

miso-

odiyare

mon-, mono-

(one, single, alone; presence of a single atom, radical, or group in a compound)

mon-, mono-

una

morf-, morfo-

(shape, form, structure; morpheme)

morph-, morpho-

formo, strukturo

muk-, muko-

(mucus, something pertaining to the mucous membrane)


mukuso

muks-, mukso-

(mucus, mucuslike material)

myx-, myxo-

mukuso

multi-

(plural, many)

multi-

multa

muto-

(change)

muto-

candjare





nano-

(extreme smallness; one-billionth)

nano-

biliontelo

narko-

(numbness, sluggishness, stupor; narcotic drug)

narco-

torpa

nefo-

(cloud)

nepho-

nubo

nefr-, nefro-

(kidney)

nephr-, nephro-

reno

nekr-, nekro-

(death, the dead; dead body, dead tissue)

necr-, necro-

mortare

nemato-

(threadlike form)

nemato-

fadeno

neo-

(new or recent form, development, or type; recent formation, modification, or abnormal change; most recent subdivision of a series of periods)

neo-

nuva

neur-, neuro-

(nerve, nervous system)

neur-, neuro-

nervo

neutro-

(neutral)

neutro-

neutrala

nikto-

(night)

nycto-

nakto

nimbo-

(nimbus)

nimbo-

nimbuso

nokti-

(night)

nocti-

nakto

nomo-

(law, usage, or custom)

nomo-

ledjo

noso-

(disease)

noso-

maladio

noto-

(back of body)

noto-

dorso

nukle-, nukleo-

(nucleus; nucleic acid)

nucle-, nucleo-

nukleuso





odonto-

(tooth; teeth)

odonto-

dento

ofio-

(snake)

ophio-

serpento

oftalmo-

(eye; eyeball)

ophthalmo-

okulo

oklo-

(mob)

ochlo-

mobo

oksu-

(sharp, acute)

oxy-

akrea

okt-, okta-

(eight)

oct-, octa-

oca

ole-, oleo-

(oil, pertaining to oil)

ole-, oleo-

olyo

oligo-

(few)

oligo-

kelka

oo-

(egg)

oo-

ovo

omni-

(all)

omni-

caka, tuta

oneiro-

(dream)

oneiro-

dremare

oniko-

(nail of finger or toe, claw)

onicho-

ungo

onto-

(being, existence)

onto-

egzistare

opisto-

(back, behind)

opistho-

prapu

opto-

(eye)

opto-

okulo

ornit-, ornito-

(bird, birds)

ornith-, ornitho-

aviso

oro-

(mountain)

oro-

monto

ort-, orto-

(straight, upright; perpendicular to, at right angles; correct, standard; correction of maladjustments or deformities)

orth-, ortho-

recta, perpendikulera

oste-, osteo-

(bone, bones)

oste-, osteo-

osteono

ot-, oto-

(ear)

ot-, oto-

awriso





paki-

(thick)

pachy-

krasa

pale-, paleo-

(ancient, prehistoric)

pale-, paleo-

anciena

pan-

(all)

pan-

caka, tuta

par-, para-

(alongside; near, beside; beyond; incorrectly; resembling or similar to; subsidiary; isometric to, polymeric to)

par-, para-

apudu, tcezu

pari-

(equal)

pari-

eglare

parteno-

(without fertilization)

partheno-

-

pato-

(disease, suffering)

patho-

maladio

ped-, pedo-

(child)

ped-, pedo-

bambino

pedi-

(foot)

pedi-

pyedo

pent-, penta-

(five)

pent-, penta-

kwina

peri-

(about, around, encircling, enclosing; close at hand, adjacent, near)

peri-

tcirku

petro-

(rock, stone; petroleum)

petro-

roko, stono

pi-, pio-

(pus)

py-, pyo-

puso

piezo-

(pressure)

piezo-

presare

piro-

(fire, heat; resulting from or by the action of fire or heat)

pyro-

fayro, kaloro

plagio-

(slanting, inclining)

plagio-

inklina

pleo-

(more)

pleo-

plusare

pleuro-

(side; pleura)

pleuro-

flanko, saydo, facyo, plevro

pneum-, pneumo-

(air, breath)

pneum-, pneumo-

spirare

pneumat-, pneumato-

(air, breath)

pneumat-, pneumato-

spirare

pluto-

(riches, wealth)

pluto-

rica

pod-

(foot)

pod-

pyedo

poli-

(more than one, many, much; more than usual, abnormal, excessive)

poly-

plura, multa

polio-

(gray matter)

polio-

poliumo

prop-

(chemical compound with three carbon atoms in a chain)

prop-

-

proprio-

(one’s own)

proprio-

proprietare

prot-, proto-

(earliest form, first in rank or time; member of a series that has the least amount of a specified element or radical)

prot-, proto-

unta

pseud-, pseudo-

(inauthenticity, sham; deceptive similarity)

pseud-, pseudo-

trompare

psiko-

(mind, mental processes)

psycho-

menso

pterido-

(fern)

pterido-

filicino

ptero-

(feather, wing, winglike part)

ptero-

vingo

pyelo-

(pelvis)

pyelo-

pelvo





rabdo-

(rod, wand)

rhabdo-

vergo

radio-

(emission and propagation of radiation)

radio-

radiyare, radiho

reo-

(flow, current)

rheo-

fluyare;kurento

rekti-

(straight)

recti-

recta

retro-

(backward, back; situated behind)

retro-

res-, propu

rin-, rino-

(nose, nasal)

rhin-, rhino-

naso

riz-, rizo-

(root)

rhiz-, rhizo-

radiko

rod-, rodo-

(rose, rose-red)

rhod-, rhodo-

rozo, ruja





sakar-, sakaro-

(sweet, sugar)

sacchar-, saccharo-

sukero

sapr-, sapro-

(dead, decaying material)

sapr-, sapro-

mortare

sarko-

(flesh)

sarco-

karno

seleno-

(moon, selenium)

seleno-

Luno

semi-

(partly, partially; half of; occurring twice per time interval)

semi-

parca, halfa

sero- (serum)

(serum)

sero-

serumo

seskwi-

(one and a half)

sesqui-

una pyu halfa

sfen-, sfeno-

(wedge-shaped)

sphen-, spheno-

kweno

sfigm-, sfigmo-

(pulse)

sphygm-, sphygmo-

pulsare

sider-, sidero-

(iron)

sider-, sidero-

ferumo

sinkro-

(synchronization)

synchro-

sinkrona

skato-

(feces, excrement)

scato-

feko

skiz-, skizo-

(division, split, cleavage)

schiz-, schizo-

splitare

skler-, sklero-

(hardness; of or affecting the sclera)

scler-, sclero-

harda

socio-

(society; social)

socio-

societo

sof-, -sofio

(wisdom)

soph-, -sophy

sadja

somato-

(body)

somato-

korpo

somn-, somni-

(sleep)

somn-, somni-

dormare

sperm-, spermo-

(sperm)

sperm- spermo-

spermho

spermat-, spermato-

(sperm; seed)

spermat-, spermato-

spermho

sporo-

(spore)

sporo-

sporoso

steato-

(fat)

steato-

graso

stego-

(cover)

stego-

kovrare

steno-

(narrowness)

steno-

angusta

stere-, stereo-

(solid, firm, three-dimensional)

stere-, stereo-

tresdimensiona

stomat-, stomato-

(mouth)

stomat-, stomato-

orso

strati-

(stratum; strata)

strati-

stratumo

strato-

(stratus cloud)

strato-

stratuso

strepto-

(twisted chain; streptococcus)

strepto-

torkare

stulo-

(style; point or styloid process)

stylo-

kolumno

supra-

(above, over; greater than; preceding)

supra-

overu, plusare





taki-

(swift, accelerated)

tachy-

tcelera

tako-

(speed)

tacho-

tcelera

tanato-

(death)

thanato-

mortare

taumato-

(miracle, wonder)

thaumato-

miraklo, vundrare

taut-, tauto-

(same, identical)

taut-, tauto-

mema, identa

tciklo-

(circle cyclic compound)

cyclo-

tcikelo

tciro-

(cirrus cloud)

cirro-

tciruso

tekno-

(technique, skill)

techno-

tekniko

tel-, tele-

(distance; television)

tel-, tele-

distu, televiziono

teleo-

(final)

teleo-

finta

telo-

(completion, perfection, finality; end, situated at the end)

telo-

finta

te-, teo-

(god, gods)

the-, theo-

bogo

tera-

(trillion)

tera-

triliona

terato-

(monster)

terato-

monstro

teri-

(land, earth)

terri-

lando, Tero

term-, termo-

(heat)

therm-, thermo-

kaloro

tetr-, tetra-

(four)

tetr-, tetra-

kwara

toksiko-

(poison)

toxico-

veneno

tokso-

(poison)

toxo-

veneno

tomo-

(cut, section)

tomo-

incizare, trantcare

top-, topo-

(place, region)

top-, topo-

lwoko, regiono

trake-, trakeo-

(trachea)

trache-, tracheo-

trakeho

traki-

(rough)

trachy-

aspera

tri-

(three; every three or every third, thrice)

tri-

tresa

triko-

(hair, hairlike part)

tricho-

haro, kapilo

trofo-

(nutrition)

tropho-

nutro

tromb-, trombo-

(blood clot)

thromb-, thrombo-

kloto

tropo-

(turning or change, especially change of temperature or condition)

tropo-

candjare





ultra-

(surpassing of a specified limit, range or scope; beyond; exceeding of what is common, moderate, or proper; of an extreme degree)

ultra-

tcezu, plusare

uni-

(one, single)

uni-

una

ur-, uro-

(urine, urinary tract)

ur-, uro-

urino





vas-, vaso-

(blood vessel; vas deferens)

vas-, vaso-

angiono





zig-, zigo-

(yoke, pair; union, fusion)

zyg-, zygo-

jugo


Suffix Combining Forms

Ayola Comb Form

English Meaning

English Comb Form

Related Word(s)

-acea

(resembling, made of)

-aceous

licu

-aceoy

(zoological classes and orders)

1. -acea

-


(botanical families)

2. -aceae

-

-adelfa

(having stamens in bundles)

-adelphous

bundelo, stameno

-agogo

(leader, bringer of, practitioner)

-agogue

praktiko

-algio

(pain)

-algia

smertare

-amino*

(var. of amino)

-amine

aminumo

-andra*

(male)

-androus

maskla

-ano #

(hydrocarbon)

-ane

hidrokarbono

-anta #

(having flowers of a specified type or number)

-anthous

floro

-arco

(chief, ruler,leader)

-arch

tcefa, dutco

-arcio

(rule,government)

-archy

regulo, governmento

-asiso

(medical condition)

-asis

medikare, stato





-biosiso

(mode of life)

-biosis

vivare

-blasto

(bud, sprout)

-blast

burjono





-celo

(tumor)

-cele

tumoro

-cefala

(having a specific type of head)

-cephalous/-cephalic

kapito

-cidare

(to kill)

-cide

mortizare

-cisto

(cyst, sac)

-cyst

tcisto

-cito

(cell)

cyte

tcelo





-daktila

(having toes or fingers)

-dactylous

digito

-dendro

(tree)

-dendron

arboro

-dermo

(skin)

-derm

pyelo

-dromo

(racecourse, large structure)

-drome

pisto, granda edificyo





-ektomio

(excision, removal of body part)

-ectomy

incizare

-emio

(blood condition)

-emia

sango

-ergica

(activated by, sensitive to)

-ergic

aktivizare

-ergio

(sensitivity condition)

-ergy

sensibla

-esiso

(action, process)

-esis

procezare

-eska

(indicating style, manner, or distinctive character)

-esque

stilo





-faga

(eating, feeding on)

-phagous

mandjare

-fagio

(eating, devouring)

-phagy

mandjare

-fanio

(appearance, manifestation)

-phany

aperare

-fazio

(speech disorder)

-phasia

parlare

-fila

(having affinity for)

-philiac, -philic, -philous

afinare

-filio

(affinity for, tendency toward)

-philia, -phily, philism

afinare

-fono

(instrument of sound transmission)

-phone

sono

-fono

(speech sound)

-phone

sono

-fonio

(use of instrument of sound transmission)

-phony

sono

-foba

(fearful of)

-phobic

timare

-fobio

(fear)

-phobia

timare

-fora

(bearing)

-phorous

jwe, avu

-frena

(having mental disorder)

-phrenic

nonkwerda

-frenio

(mental disorder)

-phrenia

nonkwerda

-fwila

(having leaves)

-phyllous

folyo

-fito

(plant)

-phyte

planto





-gamio

(marriage)

-gamy

mariyare

-gena

(producing or causing)

-genic, -genous

kawzare

-genesiso

(origin, beginning)

-genesis

inicare

-geneza

(originating, beginning)

-genetic

inicare

-genio

(production, origination)

-geny

inicare

-glota

(having a tongue)

-glot

lango

-glota

(speaking or writing a language)

-glot

lingo

-gnata

(having a jaw)

-gnathous

fawko

-gnomio

(knowledge)

-gnosis

sabare

-gnosiso

(knowledge)

-gnosis

sabare

-gnoza

(knowing)

-gnostic

sabare

-gona

(being a closed figure with specified number of angles)

-gonal

figuro, formo

-gonio

(production, origination)

-gony

origineo

-gramo #

(something written or drawn)

-gram

skribare

-grafare

(to draw or write)

-graph

skribare

-grafio

(process, science, or art of drawing or writing)

-graphy

procezare, sienso, arto

-gina

(having attitude toward women)

-gyny

femo





-hedra

(having specified number of faces)

-hedral

facyo

-iasis

(disease)

-iasis

maladio

-iatriko

(medicine, treatment)

-iatric

medikare

-iatrio

(area of healing or medical practice)

-iatrics

medikare

-ida

(belonging to taxonomic division)

-id

taksonomio

-ido

(chemical compound)

-ide

-

-iformo

(member of zoological taxonomic division)

(plural: -iformes)

-

-iliona

(quantifier denoting 10^3n)

-illion

-

-ino

(chemical elelment or compound)

-ine

-

-ito

(chemical compound)

-ite

-

-itiso

(inflammation)

-itis

inflama





-kinesiso

(movement)

-kinesiso

movare

-kineta

(moving)

-kinetic

movare





-lala

(having disordered or abnormal speech)

-lalic

nonnormala

-lalio

(abnormal or disordered speech)

-lalia

parlare

-latra

(worshipping)

-latrous

adorare

-latra

(worshipping)

-latry

adorare

-latrio

(worship)

-latrio

adorare

-lepsa

(having seizure or fit)

-leptic

pristupajo

-lepsio

(seizure or fit)

-lepsy

pristupajo

-lito

(stone)

-lith

stono

-litico

(archaeological age)

-lithic

-

-logo

(discourse, writing)

-logue

skribare

-logio

(science, body of knowledge)

-logy

sienso

-layto

(something subjected to a process)

-lyte

procezare

-lizare

(to dissolve, to break down, to decompose)

-lyze

disolvware

-mansa

(divining)

-mantic

adivinare

-mansio

(divination)

-mancy

adivinare

-manio

(obsession, craving)

-mania

obsedare

-manica

(obsessed wit, craving)

-mania

obsedare

-megalio

(abnormal enlargement)

-megaly

nonnormale granda

-mero

(member of chemical group)

-mer

-

-metrio

(process of measurement)

-metry

mezrare

-metro

(measuring instrument)

-meter

mezrare

-morfa

(having specified shape, form or structure)

-morphic, -morphous

formo

-miceto

(fungus, mushroom)

-mycete

basidiomiceto





-nomio

(distribution, arrangement)

-nomie

arandjare

-oato

(chemical compound)

-oate

-

-odonto

(having teeth)

odont

dento

-odinio

(pain)

odynia

smertare

oido

(member of zoological class)

(plural: oidea)

-

-omo

(tumor)

-oma

tumoro

-onimo

(word, name)

-onym

namo

-opa

(having condition related to eyes or sight)

-opic

okulo

-opio

(condition of eyes or sight)

-opia

okulo

-opsio

(medical examination)

-opsy

egzaminare

-oryo

(place, receptacle)

-ory

lwoko

-osiso

(condition, disease)

-osis

maladio

-oso

(sugar, carbohydrate)

-ose

sukero, karbohidrato

-oto

(member of taxonomic division)

-ote

-





-pata

(suffering, feeling, having disease)

-pathic

sufrare

-patio

(suffering, feeling, disease, treatment)

-pathy

sufrare

-penio

(lack, deficiency)

-penia

mankare

-plasio

(growth)

-plasia, -plasy

kreskare

-plasmo

(living tissue, cell substance)

-plasm

tesuto

-plasto

(cell, living substance)

-plast

tesuto

-plastio

(molding, formation, surgical repair)

-plasty

formo

-plegio

(paralysis)

-plegia

paralizare

-ploida

(having chromosome sets)

-ploid

kromosomo

-pneo

(breath)

-pnea

spirare

-poda

(having specified kind or number of feet)

-podous

pyedo

-poyesiso

(making, formation)

-poiesis

makare, formazare

-poyeta

(making, forming)

-poietic

makare, formazare

-ptera

(having wings)

pterous

vingo





-rafio

(suture)

-rraphy

sutrare

-ragio

(rupture, profuse flow)

-rrhagia

fluyare

-reo

(flow, discharge)

-rrhea/-rroea

fluyare

-reksiso

(rupture)

-rrhexis

ruptare

-rizo

(root)

-rrhiza

radiko





-sauro

(extinct reptile)

-saur, '-saurus

dinosauro

-skopo

(observing or detecting instrument)

-scop

obzervare, detektare

-somo

(body)

-some

korpo

-sofio

(science of, wisdom)

-sophy

sadja

-sperma

(having specified seeds)

-spermal

semyo

-spora

(having specified spores)

-sporous

sporoso

-stika

(having specified rows)

-stichous

rayho

-stoma

(having specified mouth)

-stomous

orso

-stomio

(surgical operation which creates opening)

-stomy

aperta

-taksiso

(arrangement, order)

-taxis

ordo

-terma

(involving heat or temperature)

-thermal, -thermic

kaloro, temperaturo

-termio

(heat generation)

-thermy

kaloro

-tomo

(cutting instrument)

-tome

incizare

-tomio

(cutting, incision)

-tomy

incizare

-tonica

(having muscle/nerve tension or personality disorder)

-tonia

tensa

-trofa

(having nutritional requirements)

-trophic

nutrare

-trofio

(feeding, growth)

-trophy

tcibo

-tropa

(turned toward, having affinity for)

-tropic, -tropous

toru





-urgio

(art, technique)

-urgy

arto, tekniko





-zoono

(animal, organism)

-zoon (plural: -zoa)

animalo, organizmo