3.3 Connectives

A connective is a word that connects words, phrases or clauses within a sentence or a sentence to a previous discourse. When it connects clauses to form a longer sentence, a connective acts in the same manner as a conjunction.

3.3.1 Coordinating Connectives

Coordinating connectives connect words, phrases or clauses of equal status. They must appear in the medial position between the words, phrases or clauses which they connect. There are six coordinating connectives in Ayola, all of which are elementary words, which are listed Table 3.3-1.

Table 3.3-1 Coordinating Connectives

ce	and
ceyi	and... together (=ce + occurring together)
ceyu	and then (=ce + occurring in sequence)
cay	or (inclusive), and/or
caw	or (exclusive)
coe	but

Coordinating Connectives Translated as “and”

ce is the basic coordinating connective indicating logical conjunction. A sentence containing terms connected by ce is equivalent to the connection of two sentences, the first of which contains the first connected term and the second of which contains the second connected term.

Here are some examples in which ce connects nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositional phrases, and clauses.

Cirli mandjuts aploy ce kruckoy. Shirley will eat apples and pears.

Cirli ce myo mandjuts ce bibuts. Shirley and I will eat and drink.

La licamika ce felitca viro parlits alu myo. The friendly and happy man spoke to

me.

Dya kurits ayfu la hawso ce aynu la garadjo. She ran out of the house and into the

garage.

Cirli mandjuts aploy ce myo bibuts vino. Shirley will eat apples and I will

drink wine.

Here are some examples in which ce connects subjects, verbs, and direct objects.

Lutciano ce Tcetcelya cantits la cansono. = Lutciano cantits la cansono ce Tcetcelya cantits la cansono.	Luciano and Cecelia sang the song. = Luciano sang the song and Cecelia sang the song.
Tcetcelya cantits ce swonits la cansono. = Tcetcelya cantits la cansono ce Tcetcelya swonits la cansono.	Cecelia sang and played the song. = Cecelia sang the song and Cecelia played the song.
Lutciano cantits la cansono ce la ario. = Lutciano cantits la cansono ce Lutciano cantits la ario.	Luciano sang the song and the aria. = Luciano sang the song and Luciano sang the aria.

These sentences using ce state in a compact way that the two events occurred but do not specify whether they occurred together or in sequence. If we wish to specify this additional information we may do so by using ceyi or ceyu.

Lutciano ceyi Tcetcelya cantits la cansono.	Luciano and Cecelia sang the song together.
Lutciano ceyu Tcetcelya cantits la cansono.	Luciano and then Cecelia sang the song.
Tcetcelya cantits ceyi swonits la cansono.	Cecelia sang and played the song together.
Tcetcelya cantits ceyu swonits la cansono.	Cecelia sang and then played the song.
Lutciano cantits la cansono ceyi la ario.	Luciano sang the song and then the aria.

Note that if the last sentence contained la cansono ceyi la ario it would describe a physical impossibility. Not every combination of connected terms describes a physically possible event. Sentences containing terms connected by ceyi and ceyu are also equivalent to a connection of two sentences.

Lutciano cantits la cansono ceyi Tcetcelya cantits la cansono.	Luciano sang the song and Cecelia sang the song together.
Lutciano cantits la cansono ceyu Lutciano cantits la ario.	Luciano sang the song and then Luciano sang the aria.

Coordinating Connectives Translated as “or”

cay and caw are the basic coordinating connectives indicating logical alternation. cay indicates inclusive alternation and caw indicates exclusive alternation. Here are some examples in which cay and caw connect nouns, prepositional phrases, and clauses.

Myo vwelats mandjare aploy cay bananoy.	I want to eat apples and/or bananas.
Anu tisa pomridjo moy povats ganare alu muzeo cay alu pladjo.	This afternoon we can go to a museum and/or to a beach.
Anu tisa pomridjo moy povats ganare alu muzeo cay moy povats repozare enu pladjo.	This afternoon we can go to a museum and/or we can lie on the beach.
Myo vwelats mandjare aplo caw orango.	I want to eat an apple or an orange.
Anu tinakto moy povats ganare alu teatro caw alu restoranto.	Tonight we can go to a theater or to a restaurant.
Anu tinakto moy povats ganare alu teatro caw moy povats restare enhayme.	Tonight we can go to a theater or we can stay at home.

Coordinating Connective Translated as “but”

coe is the basic coordinating connective indicating logical conjunction with contrast. coe often occurs with the negative word no either as the adjacent pair coe no or as the separated words no… coe within a sentence. Here are some examples in which coe connects, nouns, adjectives, prepositional phrases, and clauses.

3.3.2 Coordinating Discourse Connectives

All coordinating connectives may be prefixed with an I- to form discourse connectives which connect two sentences of the same discourse. As discourse connectives they must appear in the initial position of the second sentence.

Table 3.3-2 Discourse Connectives

Ice	moreover
Iceyi	concurrently
Iceyu	then (afterward)
Icay	or in addition
Icaw	alternatively
Icoe	however

Cirli aportuts aploy. Ice dya aportuts ekcelenta vino.	Shirley will bring apples. Moreover, she will bring an excellent wine.
La vento plusspidihantats. Iceyi la ondoy pluskelsihantats.	The wind is speeding up. Concurrently, the waves are getting higher.
Moy ganits alu la muzeo. Iceyu moy ganits alu la restoranto.	We went to the museum. Then, we went to the restaurant.
Anu tisa pomridjo moy povats ganare alu muzeo. Icay moy povats repozare enu pladjo.	This afternoon we can go to a museum. Or in addition, we can lie on the beach.
Anu tinakto moy povats ganare alu teatro. Icaw moy povats restare enhayme.	Tonight we can go to a theater. Alternatively we can stay at home.
Myo estats stanka. Icoe myo estats felitca.	I am tired. However, I am happy.

In Ayola, unlike in English, a comma is not necessary following a discourse connective unless the connected sentence itself already has a comma.

3.3.3 Coordinating Connective Pairs

A coordinating connective pair consists of two words: an initial word which occurs before the connected terms or clauses and a medial word which occurs between them. In four cases, the medial word is one of the coordinating connectives described above and the initial word is derived from it by prefixing e-. In the fifth case, both the initial and medial words are distinct elementary words.

Table 3.3-3 Coordinating Connective Pairs

ece .. ce ..	both .. and ..
ecay .. cay ..	either (inclusive) .. or ..
ecaw .. caw ..	either (exclusive) .. or ..
ecoe .. coe ..	(contrastingly) .. but ..
neoy .. noy ..	neither .. nor ..

In all cases, the initial word cannot stand alone and must be used in combination with the medial word. The medial words ce, cay, caw, and coe, can stand alone as connectives. The medial word noy cannot stand alone because the initial word neoy is needed in order to negate the first term.

Here are some examples of the connective pairs:

Ece dya ce dyo venits alu la festo.	Both she and he came to the party.
Mandjaw ecay la salato cay la supo.	Eat either the salad or the soup or both.
Mandjaw ecaw la salato caw la supo.	Eat either the salad or the soup.
Dya estats ecoe vyela coe forta.	He is (contrastingly) old but strong.
Neoy la viroy noy la femoy vwelats cantare.	Neither the men nor the women want to sing.

Correlative connectives serve two functions. First, they can resolve ambiguities resulting from the occurrence of two or more connectives within a single sentence.

Djon caw Dik ce Bil helputs myo. John or Dick and Bill will help me.

This sentence is as ambiguous in Ayola as it is in English because the grouping of the connected entities is unclear. The ambiguity can be clarified with the use of coordinating connective pairs. Note that the grouping is the same in sentences (1) and (3).

Second, coordinating connective pairs serve to alert the listener that a connection is about to occur. Compare the following sentences:

Dya estats bela ce inteligenta. She is beautiful and intelligent.

Dya estats ece bela ce inteligenta. She is both beautiful and intelligent.

Dya fondats lo aplo ce lo orango. She likes apples and oranges.

Dya fondats ece lo aplo ce lo orango. She likes both apples and oranges.

Although the meaning of each member of each pair of sentences is identical, the listener knows that in the second member the speaker intends to make a connection before the word bela or aplo is uttered. In addition, because ece is distinct from ce, the listener knows after hearing ece that the speaker is initiating a new connection rather than connecting the verb fondats with another verb.

Logical Determiners and Pronouns

Four of the coordinating connective pairs have related words called the logical determiners and pronouns which are simple words consisting of a root and the –a and –o endings, respectively.

Table 3.3-4 Logical Determiners and Pronouns

amba / amboy	both
aydra / aydro	either (inclusive)
awdra / awdro	either (exclusive)
nedra / nedro	neither

Observe how the phrase containing a coordinating connective pair can be condensed by using the related determiner + noun or the derived noun in its place:

Ece dya ce dyo venits alu la festo.	Both she and he came to the party.
 Amba personoy venits alu la festo.	Both people came to the party.
 Amboy venits alu la festo.	Both came to the party.
Mandjaw ecay la salato cay la supo.	Eat either the salad or the soup or both.
 Mandjaw aydra tcibo.	Eat either food (or both).
 Mandjaw aydro.	Eat either one (or both).
Mandjaw ecaw la salato caw la supo.	Eat either the salad or the soup.
 Mandjaw awdra tcibo.	Eat either food (but not both).
 Mandjaw awdro.	Eat either one (but not both).
Neoy la viroy noy la femoy vwelats cantare.	Neither the men nor the women want to sing.
 Nedra grupo vwelats cantare.	Neither group wants to sing.
 Nedro vwelats cantare.	Neither one wants to sing.

3.3.4 Subordinating Connectives

A subordinating connective introduces a conditional clause which together with a main clause forms a sentence. The subordinating connective and the conditional clause may either begin the sentence or follow the main clause. When the connective and the conditional clause begin the sentence, a comma must be inserted before the main clause. There are five subordinating connectives in Ayola, all of which are elementary words.

Table 3.3-5 Subordinating Connectives

ci	if	cnoci	whether-or-not
cu	only-if	nici	unless
ciyu	if-and-only-if

Myo luduts ci la vetero estuts bona.	I will play if the weather is good.
Ci la vetero estuts bona, myo luduts.	If the weather is good, I will play.
Myo luduts cu la vetero estuts bona.	I will play only-if the weather is good.
Ciyu la vetero estuts bona, myo luduts.	If-and-only-if the weather is good, I will play.
Myo luduts cnoci la vetero estuts bona.	I will play whether-or-not the weather is good.
Myo luduts nici la vetero estuts mala.	I will play unless the weather is bad.

3.3.5 Subordinating Discourse Connectives

The two subordinating connectives cu and ciyu may be prefixed with I- to form discourse connectives.

Tidjurno estuts poke varma.	Today will be warm.
Icu dwa estuts bona.	Therefore it will be good.
Sepo estats prima numero.	Seven is a prime number.
Iciyu dwa havats nula otra faktoroy.	Therefore it has no other factors.

Although both Icu and Iciyu are translated as ‘therefore’ in English, only with Iciyu does the implication between the two sentences hold in both directions.

3.3.6 The Symmetric-Argument Connective cwe

The connective cwe connects symmetric arguments of nouns, verbs, and prepositions when these arguments occur on the same side of the noun, verb, or preposition in the sentence. Arguments are symmetric if they can be interchanged without a change in meaning. cwe can only connect noun phrases, pronouns and names which serve as arguments of nouns, verbs and prepositions; it cannot connect adjectives, quantifiers, verbs, prepositions or sentences.

Here are some examples of words expressing a relation between symmetric subjects.

Dik estats frato jwi Brus.	Dick is a brother of Bruce.
Dik estats amiko jwi Djim.	Dick is a friend of Jim.
Vuza recenimo memats myozo.	Your answer is the same as mine.
Vuza recenimo diferats myozo.	Your answer is different from mine.
Duso mwa treso eglats seso.	Two times three equals six.
Lowel bliskats Dreykut.	Lowell is near Dracut.
Lowel distats Roma.	Lowell is distant from Rome.

By using the connective cwe we may put the symmetric subjects on the same side of the relational noun, verb or preposition.

Dik cwe Brus estats fratoy.	Dick and Bruce are brothers.
Dik cwe Djim estats amikoy.	Dick and Jim are friends.
Vuza recenimo cwe myozo memats.	Your answer and mine are the same.
Vuza recenimo cwe myozo diferats.	Your answer and mine are different.
Duso mwa treso cwe seso eglats.	Two times three and six are equal.
Lowel cwe Dreykut bliskats.	Lowell and Dracut are near together.
Lowel cwe Roma distats.	Lowell and Rome are far apart.

Note that in English, additional words such as ‘together’ or ‘apart’ help to clarify the joint-argument nature of the relationship. Such words are unnecessary in Ayola.

Similar sentences involving the connective ce, while not false, would not unambiguously express the joint-argument nature of the relationship. For example, in the sentence

Dik ce Brus estats fratoy. Dick and Bruce are brothers.

Dick might be the brother of Bob and Bruce the brother of Ann in different families. Unlike a sentence containing ce, a sentence containing cwe is not equivalent to the connection of two sentences.

Dik cwe Brus estats fratoy. / = *Dik estats frato cwe Brus estats frato.

Dick and Bruce are brothers. / = Dick is a brother and Bruce is a brother.

Here the second Ayola sentence is not grammatically correct because cwe cannot be used to connect sentences.

The above examples used nouns, stative verbs and prepositions expressing a time-invariant relation such as friendship, equality or nearness. cwe may also be used with dynamic verbs which express a time-varying action or process.

La bolo kolidats ecu la bastono. = La bolo cwe la bastono kolidats.	The ball collides with the stick. = The ball and stick collide.
La fumo miksantats ecu la lufto. = La fumo cwe la lufto miksantats.	The smoke is mixing with the air. = The smoke and the air are mixing.
Elízabet mariyits ecu Fitswilyam. = Elízabet cwe Fitswilyam mariyits.	Elizabeth married Fitzwilliam. = Elizabeth and Fitzwilliam married.

Note that the special joint-argument preposition ecu is always used when the joint subject appears on the object side of the verb. The reason is that although some dynamic verbs such as the ones above are intransitive, some are transitive and the most consistent procedure is always to mark the joint-subject by a preposition and clearly maintain the intransitivity or transitivity of the verb.

One large class of symmetric-subject verbs is the one consisting of verbs formed by using the joint-subject prefix ko-, such as koegzistare (to coexist), koawtorare (to coauthor) and kopilotare (to copilot).

Nune la Hatfildoy koegzistats ecu la Makoyoy. = Nune la Hatfildo cwe la Makoyoy koegzistats.	Now the Hatfields coexist with the McCoys. = Now the Hatfields and the McCoys coexist.
Dimitri koawtorits la libro ecu Olga. = Dimitri cwe Olga koawtorits la libro.	Dimitri coauthored the book with Olga. = Dimitri and Olga coauthored the book.

Many verbs such as ‘compare,’ ‘join,’ ‘separate,’ ‘mix,’ etc. denote processes which operate on two or more objects symmetrically. In English we may use the conjunction ‘and’ or the prepositions ‘with,’ ‘to’ or ‘from,’ depending on the verb. In Ayola we always use the connective cwe.

Dya komparits la hotelo cwe la motelo.	She compared the hotel and/with/to the motel.
Myo djuntizits la breto cwe la muro.	I joined the shelf and/with/to the wall.
Vu seprizuts la hundo cwe la katso.	You will separate the dog and/from the cat.
Dya mikswits la farino cwe la sukero.	She mixed the flour and/with the sugar.

Note the great variety of the possible connective words used in English and the great simplicity of the use of the single word cwe in Ayola.

In a passive construction cwe occurs before the verb and connects the grammatical subjects, i.e. logical objects.

La hotelo cwe la motelo gekomparits byu dya.	The hotel and the motel were compared by him.
La farino cwe la sukero gemikswits byu dya.	The flour and the sugar were mixed by her.

cwe also occurs before the verb and connects the grammatical subjects when the verb is the intransitive member of an intransitive/transitive pair and denotes a joint action.

La oylo cwe la vodo miksantats.	The oil and the water are mixing.
La buso cwe la caro kolidits.	The bus and the car collided.

cwe is used to connect symmetric arguments in a function of at least two arguments such as the simple arithmetic functions.

cwe is also used to connect the objects of the verbs describing the associated arithmetic operations.

3.3.7 The Asymmetric-Argument Connective cwa

The connective cwa connects asymmetric arguments of nouns, verbs, and prepositions when these arguments are of the same type or category and occur on the same side of the noun, verb, or preposition in the sentence. Arguments are asymmetric when the interchanging of the arguments results in a change in meaning. cwa can only connect noun phrases, pronouns and names which serve as arguments of nouns, verbs and prepositions; it cannot connect adjectives, quantifiers, verbs, prepositions or sentences.

Some verbs such as ‘prefer,’ ‘substitute,’ etc. denote processes which operate on two or more objects of the same type asymmetrically. In English we may use the prepositions ‘to’, ‘for’ or ‘from’ depending on the verb. In Ayola we always use the connective cwa.

Tisa instruktoy preferats le teho cwa le kafo.	These teachers prefer tea to coffee.
La matematisto substitutits treso cwa x.	The mathematician substituted three for x.

cwa is used to connect asymmetric arguments in a function of only two arguments such as the simple arithmetic functions.

la diferenso jwi x cwa y	the difference of x and y
la kwociento jwi x cwa y	the quotient of x and y

cwa is used to connect the objects of the verbs describing the associated arithmetic operations.

Vu dekrementits x cwa y.	You decremented x by y.
Dyo dividits x cwa y.	He divided x by y.

cwa is also used to describe scores, votes, etc. denoting a comparison between two counts.

Bruinz venkits Flayerz kwantu kwara poyntoy cwa dusa poyntoy.	The Bruins defeated the Flyers four points to two points.
Gor venkits Buc kwantu 50,999,897 votsoy cwa 50,456,002 votsoy.	Gore defeated Bush 50,999,897 votes to 50,456,002 votes.

3.3.8 Grouping with Connectives

Connectives with Links

When connectives are used together with links, commas must sometimes be used to indicate the scope of the connection. When no comma is present, the connection extends only to the arguments of the link and not past the link itself.

Tom vizitits la matro jwi Dik ce Hari.

Tom visited the mother of (Dick and Harry).

In this case, both Dik and Hari are objects of the link jwi.

When it is intended that the connection extend past the link, a comma must be used.

Tom vizitits la matro jwi Dik, ce Hari.

Tom visited (the mother of Dick) and Harry.

In this case, both la matro jwi Dik and Hari are direct objects of the verb vizitits.

Connectives Connecting Terms and Clauses

When connectives are used in a complex sentence to connect both terms and clauses, commas must be used to indicate the scope of the connection. The following unpunctuated sentence would be ambiguous in Ayola as it would be in English.

Djon vizitits Tom ce Dik ce Hari vizitits Djordj.

John visited Tom and Dick and Harry visited George.

There are two possible interpretations:

Djon vizitits Tom, ce Dik ce Hari vizitits Djordj.	John visited Tom, and Dick and Harry visited George.
Djon vizitits Tom ce Dik, ce Hari vizitits Djordj.	John visited Tom and Dick, and Harry visited George.

In this case, both Ayola and English follow the same rules of punctuation and grouping.

Exercises

Exercise 1

Megumi always has at least two activities on her mind, but that doesn’t mean that she always wants to do both of them. Combine each pair of activities in an Ayola sentence by using the connective which best matches Megumi’s mood. Choose from the connectives ce, ceye, ceyu, cay, caw, and coe.

1. swim in the lake, ride a bike (definitely wants to do both)

2. study, drink tea (wants to do both together)

3. bake a cake, cook dinner (only wants to do one of them)

4. hike, read a book (do one, then the other)

5. not learn a new language, study an old idea (only wants to do the second option)

6. call her friends, sleep (wants either to do one or both)

7. dance, sing (definitely wants to do both)

8. run, listen to music (want to do both together)

9. meet someone at the mall, meet someone at the library (wants either to do one or both)

10. not watch a movie, read a book (only wants to do the second option)

11. write a letter, send a gift (definitely wants to do both)

12. go to the beach, visit a friend (wants to do one, then the other)

13. go to school, go to the beach (only wants to do one of them)

14. walk, hike (definitely wants to do both)

Exercise 2

Karen likes to add a comment to every statement her friend, Joseph makes. Create her comments by using one of the discourse connectives Ice, Iceye, Iceyu, Icay, Icaw, or Icoe. Write the comments in Ayola. Follow the model.

1. Joseph: This restaurant is open on Sundays. (moreover, it is open on Mondays)

 Karen: Ice dwa estats aperta enu lo lundo.

2. Joseph: We can go to the beach. (and/or we can go fishing)

3. Joseph: I will eat the bananas. (or, I can eat the apples)

4. Joseph: My dog will eat. (afterward, he will sleep)

5. Joseph: Your sisters will meet us there. (however, they will be late)

6. Joseph: You can run fast. (moreover, I am an Olympic athlete)

7. Joseph: This meat tastes bad. (moreover, it smells bad)

8. Joseph: The sky is becoming cloudy. (afterward, it will rain)

9. Joseph: I will study French. (and/or you will study art history)

10. Joseph: I will cook dinner. (concurrently, you will listen to music)

11. Joseph: We can study together. (alternatively, we can study separately)

12. Joseph: I’d like to see the movie. (however, you have to go to work)

13. Joseph: We can go out to dinner. (or, we can cook at home)

14. Joseph: I want to learn a new language. (concurrently, you want to teach yours)

Exercise 3

How is the following sentence ambiguous in English? Which connective pairs would you use to translate the different meanings of the sentence?

I will eat fish and lobster or salad.

Exercise 4

Which of the Ayola connective pairs (ece .. ce ..,ecay .. cay .., ecaw .. caw .., ecoe .. coe .., neoy .. noy ..) would you use in translating the following sentences?

1. He’ll either drive or ride the train.

2. The cat is fat, but healthy.

3. I want neither your books nor your paintings.

4. The article was both well-reasoned and well-researched.

5. Either clean your room or wash the dishes, or both!

6. Neither you nor I want to leave.

7. How can he be so smart, but stupid?

8. Either tell me your problem or stop complaining!

9. I want to both travel and work.

10. We think your mother will either laugh or cry, or both.

Exercise 5

Translate the underlined connectives into Ayola. Choose from the words in the box provided.

1. I’ll take you to the concert only if you pay for the gas.

2. Five is the sum of two and three.

3. You can try the pasta and/or the potato.

4. He skis very well, but only after he has practiced.

5. We can study now unless you have something else to do.

6. She mixed the flour and the sugar.

7. I’m going whether-or-not you like it.

8. You can go to the store and then return to your house.

9. The cat will stop scratching if you leave her alone.

10. You’ll pass the test if-and-only-if you study well.

11. The child must choose the doll or the ball to play with.

12. She eats apples and oranges.

13. Read the book and listen to the radio (at the same time).

Exercise 6

Translate the underlined terms with either Icu or Iciyu.

1. You’re late. Therefore, I’m angry.

2. I speak English and Ayola. Therefore, I am bilingual.

3. I think. Therefore, I am.

4. The book costs $30. Therefore, I must pay $30 for the book.

5. I speak two languages. Therefore, I am bilingual.

6. She is a doctor. Therefore, she can help you.

Exercise 7

Veronique is reading a recipe in English. She is confused by the recipe because some of the prepositions and conjunctions in English are ambiguous. Provide all plausible translations for the underlined words. Hint: Two directions are ambiguous.

1. Mix the milk with the butter.

2. Stir the mixture with a spoon.

3. Separate the yolk from the white of the egg.

4. Combine the salt and sugar.

5. Bake the cake and the fruit.

6. Blend the flour and the cream.

7. Remove a spoonful of batter from the bowl and set it aside.

8. Add the spices to the mixture.

9. Compare the flavor of the crust to the flavor of the fruit.

10. Dilute the mixture with water.

Exercise 8

How is each sentence below ambiguous? Translate them using the correct connectives and/or by placing a comma somewhere within the sentence.

I will introduce you to the daughter of Lara and Stephan.

Christopher saw Ryan and Michael and Gregory saw Robert.

Exercise 9

Choose the correct translation of the underlined word.

1. We would like to swim and eat lunch.

a. ce b. cay c. caw

2. It’s easy to learn but difficult to teach.

a. coe b. Icoe c. caw

3. She will wear either the pink dress or the black one.

a. ecay, cay b. cay, caw c. ecaw, caw

4. Ms. Scott is the valedictorian. Moreover, she is the swim team captain.

a. Ice b. ce c. coe

5. Do you like apples and cherries?

a. Ice b. ce c. cay

6. The students read the chapters but they did not read the articles.

a. coe b. Icoe c. caw

Exercise 10

Determine whether the relationship between the words connected by the underlined word in the following sentences is symmetric or asymmetric. Translate the underlined word with the appropriate connective, cwe or cwa.

1. The scientist separated the oxygen from the hydrogen.

2. Mix the milk and eggs.

3. The shopkeeper subtracted ten percent from the total.

4. I can substitute this entrée for that one.

5. Separate the exams and the quizzes.

6. The students multiplied five by ten.

7. Join one end of the cable to the other.

8. I watched him combine the syrup and the soda.

9. We added salt to the onions.

Exercise 11

Translate the following sentences into Ayola.

1. Moreover, I drink beer as I eat pizza.

2. I’ll take either one.

3. Alternatively, she reads books.

4. However, nobody knew my secret.

5. Both the meal and the dessert were delicious.

6. Neither you nor I can call her.

7. Tea and/or milk are good for him.

Exercise 12

Translate the underlined words into Ayola elementary prepositions or connectives.

1. Can you add the spices to the recipe?

2. The salt mixes with the ice and quickly melts it.

3. This book was written by my friend.

4. I can’t distinguish him from the other men.

5. Put these towels with the red ones.

6. The article was understood by all the doctors.

7. I prefer blueberries to blackberries.