2.9 Names and Titles

Names from other languages can be approximated by the string of Ayola sounds which is closest to the native pronunciation by using the twenty-eight symbols of the Ayola alphabet along with the acute accent (΄) indicating irregular stress (stress not on the next-to-the-last syllable) and the grave accent (`) indicating the absence of stress. This Ayola phonetic approximation is usually identical or nearly identical in sound to the native version; however, sometimes the approximation is noticeably different in sound because the Basic Alphabet cannot incorporate all the sounds of the natural languages. From the phonetic approximations of the names relational adjectives and nouns can be derived which function identically to those derived from Ayola words.

In addition, Ayola provides a method of deriving names from its own words using the –n word ending. These derived names may be combined with each other or with proper names to form multi-word complex Ayola names. These complex Ayola names can be used to translate complex foreign names.

2.9.1 Ayola Phonetic Approximations of Foreign Names

Single-Word Names

Proper Names

Single-word proper names are words which designate persons, places, geographical features, teams, etc. but have no semantic content.

Table 2.9-1 Examples of Proper Names in which the Ayola Approximation is Identical or Nearly So

Native Version of Name	Ayola Approximation Using Basic Alphabet
Antonio	Antonyo
Maria	Maria
Dave	Deyv
Carlos	Karlos
Barbara	Bárbara
Cousteau	Kùsto

Table 2.9-2 Examples of Proper Names in which the Ayola Approximation is Noticeably Different

Multi-Word Names

Strings of Proper Names

Proper names may be combined in sequence to form a multi-word string of proper names. These strings may contain two names:

George Washington	Djordj Wácinton
Noam Chomsky	Noam Tcomski
Charles Darwin	Tcarlz Darwin
Albert Einstein	Albert Aynctayn

Or three names:

George Washington Carver	Djordj Wácinton Karver
Charles Robert Darwin	Tcarlz Robert Darwin

Complex Names

Multi-word names may also include a variety of word types from the native language such as singular and plural nouns, articles, adjectives, prepositions, connectives and possessive forms. In the Ayola approximation these words are also represented as closely as possible, just as proper names are.

Mount Washington	Mawnt Wácinton
Mississippi River	Misisipi River
Honest Abe	Onest Eyb
Silicon Valley	Silikon Vali
(The) Red Sox	Red Soks
Croton on the Hudson	Kroton On Hadson
Manchester-by-the-Sea	Mantcester Bay Da Si
Trinidad and Tobago	Trinidad And Tobeygo
(The) United States of America	Yunayted Steyts Av Amérika
Wendy’s Restaurant	Wendiz Restorant

There is no grammar in the Ayola approximation. Each word is simply one component of a multi-word name string.

Names with Articles

In forming the Ayola phonetic approximation to foreign names the treatment of names with articles deserves special comment. In the most common case, the native definite article is used in order to distinguish the name from an indefinite or generic noun phrase in speech.

I love the Red Sox. vs. I love red socks.

I saw the Tigers in Detroit. vs. I saw tigers in Detroit.

However, the definite article may often be omitted.

Red Sox defeat Tigers 8-2.

The final score was Red Sox 8 and Tigers 2.

In this case the definite article is omitted in the Ayola phonetic approximation since names such as Red Soks and Taygerz are clearly names. Noun phrases would be expressed in Ayola words.

Myo amats Red Soks.	I love the Red Sox.
Myo amats le ruja soko.	I love red socks
Myo vidits Taygerz enu Ditroyt.	I saw the Tigers in Detroit.
Myo vidits tigroy enu Ditroyt.	I saw tigers in Detroit.

A second case is where the native definite article is used internally in a complex name such as ‘Manchester-by-the-Sea’. In this case the article is not used to distinguish the name from a noun phrase but to definitize an internal word, e.g. ‘sea’, and it must be included in the Ayola phonetic approximation. English ‘the’ is approximated by da.

Manchester-by-the-Sea  Mantcester Bay Da Si

A third case is where a non-native definite article is used in a foreign name such as the English names ‘Los Angeles’ and ‘Las Vegas’, where the definite articles ‘Los’ and ‘Las’ are taken from Spanish. In this case the article words are already treated not as articles but simply as parts of the name in English and must also be treated as such in Ayola.

Los Angeles  Los Ándjeles

Las Vegas  Las Vegas

Titles

In English and other natural languages names may sometimes serve as titles of another category, i.e. the name of a person may also serve as the title of a book, movie, or play. as titles they are enclosed in quotes and may be preceded by the category word to eliminate any ambiguity.

Myo fondats Hamlet. I like (the man) Hamlet.

Myo fondats la dramo 'Hamlet'. I like the play Hamlet.

Myo fondats la filmo ‘Hamlet’. I like the movie Hamlet.

Myo vidats Cikago. I saw (the city) Chicago.

Myo vidits la muzikalo ‘Cikago’. I saw the musical Chicago.

Myo vidits la filmo ‘Cikago’. I saw the movie Chicago.

Titles of books, movies, plays, etc. can sometimes be much longer and can be entire sentences. In Ayola, in writing, titles are enclosed in single quotation marks and every word is capitalized.

Mister Smith Goes to Washington (film)	‘Mister Smit Gowz Tu Wácinton’
The Devil Wears Prada (film)	‘Da Devil Werz Prada’

These quotation marks may be optionally spoken as zitwi (quote) and zityu (unquote) when desired for emphasis. However, as in the natural languages, usually the quotation marks are not explicitly spoken and the title is recognized by the presence of a preceding category word, e.g. libro (book), dramo (play), filmo (movie), etc.

I saw the film Mister Smith Goes to Washington.	Myo vidits la filmo ‘Mister Smit Gowz Tu Wácinton.’
She loved the movie The Devil Wears Prada.	Dya amits la filmo ‘Da Devil Warz Prada.’

2.9.2 Ayola Names

Single-Word Names

Derived Names

Single-word derived names are formed by adding an -n to an Ayola noun and capitalizing it. The noun may be a fundamental noun, like sinyoro (mister) or a derived noun like belo (beautiful one) or amo (lover).

sinyoro  Sinyoron mister  Mister

profesoro  Profesoron professor  Professor

lundo  Lundon monday  Monday

belo  Belon beauty  Beauty

amo  Amon lover  Lover

geamo  Geamon beloved  Beloved

Multi-Word Names

There are two ways to form multi-word Ayola names. The first way is to string together at least one derived name with other derived or proper names. The second way of forming multi-word Ayola names is by adding an –n to the nouns, adjectives and quantifiers within a noun phrase.

Strings of Names

Derived names may be combined in sequence to form a multi-word name.

Sinyoron Katson Mister Cat

Ruton Treson Route Three

Matron Anserinon Mother Goose

Proper names and derived names may also be combined together in sequence to form a multi-word name. The name derived from the noun denoting the category, e.g. Madamon, Profesoron must precede the proper name. Descriptive derived names, e.g. Unton, Martelon follow the proper name in the sequence.

Madamon Smit Mrs. Smith

Profesoron Djaylz Professor Giles

Monton Wácinton Mount Washington

Stradon Wácinton Washington Street

Redjinon Elízabet Unton Queen Elizabeth the First

Redjon Tcarlz Martelon King Charles the Hammer

Rivron Tcarlz The Charles River

Adjective/Quantifier–Noun Names

Adjective/quantifier-noun names are formed by adding an –n to both the adjective or quantifier preceding a noun and to the noun. Here are some examples:

Honestan Eyb Honest Abe

Eylwayfwayn Rivron Alewife River

Alban Hawson The White House

Dusan Ventoyn Two Winds (vacation house)

Linked-Noun-Phrase Names

Linked-noun-phrase names are formed out of a linked noun phrase. If a link connects two names, either proper or derived, it is interpreted as part of the name and it is capitalized. Note that links do not take the -n ending.

Mantcester Cpudu La Maron	Manchester-By-The-Sea (town)
Restoranton Ja Wendi	Wendy’s Restaurant
Gedonon Jalu Amikon	Gift to a Friend (shop)

If it is intended that the linked phrase not be part of the name, but simply a modifying phrase used to specify a particular object out of a set of several objects having the same name, then the definite article is placed before the name and the specifying link is not capitalized.

la Mantcester Cpudu La Maron jenu Masatcusets	the Manchester-By-The-Sea in Massachusetts
la Restoranton Ja Wendi cfrentu myoza hawso	the Wendy’s Restaurant in front of my house

Titles

Ayola versions of titles of books, movies, p lays, etc. are indicated as titles by placing the entire word, phrase or sentence in single quotes as discussed above for foreign titles. No –n’s are added to the words.

‘Sinyoron Smit Ganats Alu Wácinton’	Mister Smith Goes to Washington (film)
‘La Diablo Trazats Pradwoy’	The Devil Wears Prada (film)

As discussed above, usually the quotation marks are not explicitly spoken and the title is recognized by the presence of a preceding category word, e.g. libro (book), dramo (play), filmo (movie), etc.

Myo vidits la filmo ‘Sinyoron Smit Ganats Alu Wácinton.’	I saw the film Mister Smith Goes to Washington.
Dya amits la filmo ‘La Diablo Trazats Pradwoy.’	She loved the movie The Devil Wears Prada.

Summary: Two Ways of Representing Complex Foreign Names

The table below shows a comparison of the Ayola phonetic approximations and the Ayola translations of several complex foreign names taken from English.

Table 2.9-2 Two Ways of Representing Complex Foreign Names

Both versions of the name are available to an Ayola speaker. The version used would depend on the context. Two native English speakers would probably prefer to use the phonetic approximation, since they are both familiar with the meaning of the names. However, if a native English speaker were communicating in Ayola to a native speaker of another language unfamiliar with English he might prefer to use the Ayola translation in order to communicate better the meaning of the name.

2.9.3 Ayola Adjectives and Nouns Derived from Names

Relational Adjectives Derived from Names

Both Type I (ending in –ay) and Type II relational adjectives (ending in –way) may be derived from names. Like all other Ayola adjectives they are not capitalized.

Type I relational adjectives are formed by adding the –ay ending to the name, except when the name ends in –a or –o, in which case the –a or –o is dropped before adding the –ay ending. These adjectives are equivalent to a linked phrase with one of the links ji, je, or ja and mean ‘of <name>’ where ‘of’ is interpreted to mean ‘part of’, ‘originating from’ or ‘of (as subject)’. If the name consists of two words, these words are joined together before adding the –ay ending.

La fransay belayto estats cakwerve.	The French beauty (beauty of France) is everywhere.
Myo amats le europay urbo.	I love European cities (cities of Europe).
Myo amats la yunaytedsteytsay kulturo.	I love American culture (culture of the United States).
La kwarteto tokits motsartay muziko.	The quartet played Mozart music (music originating from Mozart).
Moy kondwirits alu Nu York medu la dikay caro.	We drove to New York by means of Dick’s car.

If the name contains three or more words and is a conjoined name, i.e. one containing the English word ‘and’ or its equivalent in other languages, the -an- suffix is applied to one or the other of the two connected names.

Trinidad And Tobeygo  trinidaday (of Trinidad) OR tobeygay (of Tobago)

If the name contains three or more words and is not a conjoined name, the –ay ending is applied to the most distinctive of the component names.

Imarát Arabiya Mutahida  imaratay (of the United Arab Emirates)

Type II relational adjectives are formed by adding the –way ending to the name in all cases. These adjectives are equivalent to a linked phrase with one of the links ji, je, or ja and mean ‘of <name>’ where ‘of’ is interpreted to mean ‘containing/depicting’ or ‘of (as object)’. Note the contrast in meaning between the following sentences, which differ only in their relational adjectives:

Myo amats le fransay muzeo.	I love French museums (museums in France).
Myo amats le fransway muzeo.	I love French museums (museums depicting France).

Nouns Derived from Names

Nouns Denoting Products and Brands

Consider the English sentences:

The devil wears Prada.

The quartet played Mozart.

He drives a Chevrolet.

Here the names ‘Prada’, ‘Mozart’, and ‘Chevrolet’ are abbreviated forms of longer phrases such as ‘Prada clothes’, ‘Mozart music’, and ‘Chevrolet car’, respectively.

La diablo trazats praday klaydoy.	The devil wears Prada clothes.
La kwarteto tokits motsartay muziko.	The quartet played Mozart music.
Dya kondwirats cevroleay caro.	He drives a Chevrolet car.

Ayola uses the relational adjectives praday (of Prada) and motsartay (of Mozart) and cevroleay (of Chevrolet) in which ‘of’ is interpreted to mean ‘originating from’ and refers to the originator/producer of a product or a brand based on a proper name. Note that in Ayola it is incorrect for a proper name to precede a noun directly as in ‘Prada clothes’ or ‘Chevrolet car’ because, if this construction were allowed, the relationship between the person/place/company/etc. referred to by the proper name with the thing denoted by the noun would be unclear.

As a compact alternative to the explicit noun phrase containing a relational-adjective, Ayola provides a method of deriving a single noun denoting a product or brand based on a proper name, viz. adding the word ending –wo to the name. (Recall the –wo ending referring to a thing instead of a person on words such as hwo, samwo, and cakwo.) Note that the resulting noun is treated as a normal noun (not a proper name) and therefore is not capitalized. Using these derived nouns, compact equivalents of the English sentences given initially above can be constructed.

La diablo trazats pradwoy.	The devil wears Prada.
La kwarteto tokits motsartwo.	The quartet played Mozart.
Dya kondwirats cevrolewo.	He drives a Chevrolet.

Nouns Denoting Inhabitants of Geographic Regions

Nouns denoting inhabitants of geographic regions can be formed from the name roots for geographic regions, i.e. cities, states, countries, continents, etc. Like all other Ayola nouns they are not capitalized.

Nouns denoting inhabitants are formed by attaching the inhabitant suffix –an- to the region name and then adding the noun ending –o, except when the name ends in –a or –o, in which case the –a or –o is dropped before adding the –an- suffix. If the name consists of two words, these words are joined together before adding the –an- suffix and –o ending.

Boston  bostonano (inhabitant of Boston)

Cikago  cikagano (inhabitant of Chicago)

Norge  norgeano (inhabitant of Norway)

Frans  fransano (inhabitant of France)

Europa  europano (inhabitant of Europe)

Afrika  afrikano (inhabitant of Africa)

Kabu Verdi  kabuverdiano (inhabitant of Cape Verde)

Yunayted Steyts  yunaytedsteytsano (inhabitant of the United States)

If the name contains three or more words and is a conjoined name, i.e. one containing the English word ‘and’ or its equivalent in other languages, the –an- suffix is applied to one or the other of the two connected names.

Trinidad And Tobeygo  trinidadano (inhabitant of Trinidad) OR

tobeygano (inhabitant of Tobago)

If the name contains three or more words and is not a conjoined name, a single word denoting the inhabitant is created from one of the component names.

Imarát Arabiya Mutahida  imaratano (inhabitant of United Arab Emirates)

Nouns Denoting Members of Teams or Groups

Nouns denoting members of teams or groups designated by a name are formed in a manner similar to those denoting inhabitants with the –an- suffix and –o ending. The name is usually a plural entity designating the team or group in Ayola.

Bruinz  bruinzano (member of the Bruins)

Seltiks  seltiksano (member of the Celtics)

Peytriots  peytriotsano (member of the Patriots)

Red Soks  redsoksano (member of the Red Sox)

2.9.4 Plurals of Names

Plurals of names are formed by adding the plural noun ending –oy to the name. These plural name words may be used with or without the definite article la.

Myo vidits Staymetsoy.	I saw some Stimetses.
Myo vidits la Staymetsoy.	I saw the Stimetses (the family or the couple).
Myo vizitits la Adamoy.	I visited the Adams.
Myo visitits la Adamzoy.	I visited the Adamses.

Note that the definite article is not capitalized because it is not part of the name.

Exercise 1

How will the following foreign names be spelled using Ayola’s Basic Alphabet?

1. Rebecca

2. Afrim

3. José

4. Cyril

5. George

6. Paramjeet

7. Giovanni

8. Jacques

9. Shiguru

10. Wang Li

11. Adebowale

12. Drahomir

13. Patricia

14. Xavier

Exerice 2

Translate the following names and titles into Ayola.

1. Dad

2. Grandma

3. Uncle Sonny

4. Doctor Donaldson

5. Mr. Rogers

6. The Grand Hotel

7. The Big Bad Wolf

8. King George the Third

9. North America

10. Crete Island

11. Sleeping Beauty

12. Best Buy

13. Camp Under the Pines

14. Lake George

15. The Swiss Alps

Exercise 3

Andre just won the lottery and wants to spend his money on new brand-name products. Compress his statements into more compact Ayola sentences. Follow the model:

Andre: Myo vwelats kumprare praday klaydoy. (Prada)  Myo vwelats kumprare

pradwoy.

1. Myo vwelats kumprare kitceneyday cozoy. (Kitchen Aid)

2. Myo vwelats kumprare forday caro. (Ford)

3. Myo vwelats kumprare oskarmayer tcibo. (Oscar Meyer)

4. Myo vwelats kumprare nabiskay tcibo. (Nabisco)

5. Myo vwelats kumprare ribokay skarpoy. (Reebok)

6. Myo vwelats kumprare itanalenay meblo. (Ethan Allen)

7. Myo vwelats kumprare nokiay telefono. (Nokia)

8. Myo vwelats kumprare aplay komputero. (Apple)

9. Myo vwelats kumprare enerdjayzeray (batteries). (Engergizer)

10. Myo vwelats kumprare gapay klaydoy. (Gap)

Exercise 4

Construct the inhabitant name for each of the geographic regions.

1. Nipon

2. San Francisco

3. Ckiperia

4. France

5. Australia

6. Firenze

7. Wales

8. Mumbay

9. Feluja

10. Waykiki

Exercise 5

Translate the following sentences into Ayola. Use the dictionary for the new words.

1. Jordan’s Furniture is my favorite furniture store.

2. President George Bush is not very funny.

3. They said that they really liked the movie Moulin Rouge.

4. Happy Cat will feed Sad Dog.

5. She grew up in the town Croton-On-The-Hudson.

6. We read the book Pride and Prejudice.

7. Queen Elizabeth the Second lives in Buckingham Palace.

8. Dr. Johnson graduated from Yale University.

9. The Merrimack River flows through the city of Lowell.

10. She loves the country of France.

11. They really enjoyed the film Born Into Brothels.

12. Have you ever been to Paris?

13. I saw pictures of (the girl) Paris.

14. Manchester-By-The-Sea is north of the city.