2.7 Adjectives

Adjectives modify nouns. Adjectives usually precede nouns but may follow nouns in a trailing adjective phrase. They may also directly follow copulative verbs. Adjectives occur in either elementary or compound forms:

Elementary: elementary word having the descriptive adjective ending

Compound: (<prefix>) + (<root>) + <root> + (<suffix>) + (<ending>)

where the ending is -a for descriptive adjectives, -ay for Type I relational adjectives, and -way for Type II relational adjectives and where the components in parentheses are optional. Elementary adjectives consist of only one morpheme, i.e. unit of meaning, and cannot be separated into parts. Compound adjectives consist of two or more morphemes and can be separated into parts. Of the compound adjectives, those which consist of an adjective root plus an ending are called fundamental adjectives; those which consist of a non-adjective (noun, verb, preposition) root plus an ending and/or have at least one of the optional components are called derived adjectives.

Descriptive adjectives (ending in –a) denote a quality or attribute of the person or thing denoted by the noun which they modify. Type I relational adjectives (ending in –ay) denote the whole/origin of the person/thing or the subject of the state/action denoted by the following noun. Type II relational adjectives (ending in –way) denote the contents of the person/thing or the object of the doer/state/action denoted by the following noun.

2.7.1 Elementary Adjectives

The elementary adjectives are the interrogative adjectives hwa and hya which refer respectively to the identity and attributes of the modified noun, and the exclamatory/consequential adjective sya.

Table 2.7-1 Elementary Interrogative Adjectives

Interrogative	Exclamatory/Consequential
hwa which
hya what kind of	sya such a

Hwa libroy vu fondats pluste bone?	Which books do you like best?
Hya filmo estits dwa?	What kind of movie was it?
Dwa estits sya bona filmo!	It was such a good movie!
Dwa estits sya bona filmo ake myo vidits dwa tresvezwe.	It was such a good movie that I saw it three times.

2.7.2 Compounded Elementary Adjectives

Compounded elementary adjectives are formed by combining the clausal prefix ki- with one of the interrogative adjectives hwa or hya, or by combining the indefinite, universal, or negative quantifier roots, or the demonstrative, identity, or difference roots with the interrogative adjective hya and suppressing the initial h of the interrogative adjectives This type of contraction, known as elision, is often used in natural languages, although in an irregular fashion.

Table 2.7-2 Adjectives Formed from Interrogative Adjectives

Type	Prefix	Root	Adjective
clausal	ki-	-	kiwa	which
clausal	ki-	-	kiya	what kind of
indefinite	-	sam-	samya	some kind of
universal	-	cak-	cakya	every kind of
negative	-	nul-	nulya	no kind of
demonstrative near/far	-	tis-/tat-	tisya/tatya	this/that kind of
identity	-	mem-	memya	same kind of
difference	-	otr-	otrya	another kind of

Clausal Adjectives

The clausal adjectives modify a noun acting as the subject of a clause which may stand alone, e.g. as a title, or be embedded in a larger sentence as a subject or object. Note the distinction between the clausal and interrogative adjectives below:

Kiwa Libroy Vu Lergits	Which Books You Read
Hwa libroy vu lergits?	Which books did you read?
Kiya Somero Vu Paswits	What Kind of Summer You Spent
Hya somero vu paswits?	What kind of summer did you spend?

In English, the distinction between the clause and the interrogative sentence is indicated by the inverted word order (‘you read’ vs. ‘did you read’; ‘you spent’ vs. ‘did you spend’). Ayola never uses this type of inversion. Instead, the prefix ki- alerts the listener or reader that what follows is a clause and not a question.

The following two sentences illustrate the embedding of the clause in a larger sentence, first as subject and then as object.

Kiya somero vu paswits surprizits dya.	What kind of summer you spent surprised him.
Myo sabats kiya somero vu paswits.	I know what kind of summer you spent.

Indefinite, Universal, and Negative Adjectives vs. Non-numerical Quantifiers

The indefinite, universal, and negative adjectives have distinct meanings from the non-numerical quantifiers from which they are derived illustrated in the examples below:

Myo no lergintats samya libroy.	I have not read some kinds of books.
Myo no lergintats sama libroy.	I have not read some books.
Dya mandjintats enu cakya restoranto.	He has eaten at every kind of restaurant.
Dya mandjintats enu caka restoranto.	He has eaten at every restaurant.

The first sentence makes a meaningful statement because there could exist people who have read all kinds of books. In contrast, the second sentence is essentially meaningless because it applies to everybody. Similarly, there may exist people who have eaten at every kind of restaurant, but nobody has eaten at every restaurant.

2.7.3 Fundamental Adjectives

Fundamental adjectives consist of the adjective root plus the descriptive adjective part of speech ending –a. They describe properties like size, shape, color, etc. Some examples of fundamental adjectives are the following:

bela	beautiful		bolca	large
mala	bad		bona	good
kelsa	tall		ruja	red
blua	blue		honesta	honest
parva	small		importenta	important

2.7.4 Adjectives Derived from Other Parts of Speech

Derived adjectives are derived from nouns, verbs, prepositions, and combinations thereof. They are of two kinds, viz. descriptive and relational.

Derived Descriptive Adjectives

Derived descriptive adjectives end in –a. They are of two kinds: simple and complex.

Simple derived descriptive adjectives are derived from nouns, verbs, and prepositions by applying the adjectival ending to the word root.

noun root/-o  noun root/-a fem-/-o  fem-/-a (woman)

verb root/-are  verb root/-a vend-/-are  vend-/-a (selling) preposition root/-u  preposition root/-a over-/-u  over-/-a (above)

Here are some phrases containing simple derived descriptive adjectives:

fema profesoro	woman professor
venda viro	selling man
la overa satso	the above sentence
feruma fabrikerio	iron factory (factory made of iron)
cokolada bloko	chocolate block (block made of chocolate)

Complex derived descriptive adjectives are described in detail in the next section.

Relational Adjectives

Relational adjectives end in -ay (Type I) or –way (Type II) and are bound to the noun or adjective which they precede. Type I relational adjectives are derived from nouns by applying the adjectival ending ­-ay to the noun root. Their equivalent noun phrases consist of two nouns whose relation with each other is expressed by one of the links ji, je, or ja in Ayola. When the link is ja, denoting ownership or utility, the equivalent noun phrase in English uses the possessive form with apostrophe plus s.

Table 2.7-4 Type I Relational Adjectives and Equivalent Linked Phrases

Type II relational adjectives are derived from nouns by applying the adjective ending

–way to the noun root. Their equivalent noun phrases consist of two nouns whose relation with each other is expressed by the links jwi, jwe, or jwa in Ayola.

Table 2.7-5 Type II Relational Adjectives and Equivalent Linked Phrases

Note that Ayola makes a much clearer distinction than does English between katsway femo (cat woman = woman of (possessing) cats) and katsifemo (catwoman = something which is part cat and part woman).

The link ji links a noun denoting a state/action to another noun denoting the subject of that state/action, e.g. ekcitityo ji la bambinoy (children are excited) and instruktajo ji studentoy (students instruct).

In contrast, the link jwi links noun denoting a state/action to another noun denoting the object of that state/action, e.g. tcirkayto jwi la hawso (the house is surrounded) and instruktajo jwi studentoy (students are instructed).

In addition, jwi links a wide variety of nouns expressing relations such as kinship, representation, superordinate, etc. to nouns denoting the objects of these relations, e.g. matro jwi la kindo, fotografuro jwi monto, redjo jwi Frans.

Je links a noun denoting one entity to a second noun denoting a larger entity which contains it, e.g. muzeo je urbo, oceano je planeto, whereas jwe links a noun denoting one entity to a second noun denoting a smaller entity which it contains, e.g. muzeo jwe arto, oceano jwe piskoy. Nearly everything in the physical world is a member or part of a larger entity while it, in turn, serves as a larger whole for its own members, parts or contents.

Ja links a noun denoting one entity to a second noun or name denoting an owner or user which contains it, e.g. katso ja femo, caro ja viro, whereas jwa links a noun denoting one entity to a second noun denoting a possession, e.g. femo jwa katsoy, viro jwa caroy.

Relational Adjectives Derived from Names

Both Type I and Type II relational adjectives may be derived from names

Type I relational adjectives are formed by adding the –ay ending to the name, except when the name ends in –a or -o, in which case the –a or –o is dropped before adding the –ay ending. These adjectives are equivalent to a linked phrase with one of the links ji, je, or ja and mean ‘of <name>’ where ‘of’ is interpreted to mean ‘of (as subject),’ ‘of (part of),’ ‘of (originating from)’or ‘of (owned or used by).’ Here are some more examples:

La fransay belayto (la belayto ji Frans) estats cakwerve.	The French beauty (beauty of France) is everywhere.
Myo amats le europay urbo (le urbo je Europa).	I love European cities (the typical city of Europe).
Ey vu vidintats la rebekay katso (la katso ja Rebeka)?	Have you seen Rebecca’s cat (the cat of Rebecca)?

Type II relational adjectives are formed by adding the –way ending to the name in all cases. These adjectives are equivalent to a linked phrase with one of the links jwi, jwe, or jwa and mean ‘of <name>’ where ‘of’ is interpreted to mean ‘of (as object),’ ‘of (containing/depicting)’ or ‘of (possessing).’

Note the contrast in meaning between the following sentences, which differ only in their relational adjectives:

Myo amats le fransay muzeo.	I love French museums (the typical museum in France).
Myo amats le fransway muzeo.	I love French museums (the typical museum depicting France).

2.7.5 Complex Adjectives

Complex adjectives are formed by prefixing a noun root with a preposition root or by prefixing a noun root with an adjective or quantifier root and adding a suffix. They are identical in meaning to a longer link phrase which follows instead of precedes the modified noun. Complex adjectives provide a compact way of expressing the intended meaning in a single word rather than a phrase. Complex adjectives can be grouped into three major types:

1. Complex prepositional adjectives

Complex prepositional adjectives express a prepositional relation with respect to a thing denoted by a noun. They have the following form:

<prep-> + <noun-> + -a

where <prep-> and <noun-> represent preposition and noun roots respectively.

Here are some examples:

encentra (=jenu centro)	central (in a center)
anhodja (=janu hodjo)	today’s (occurring today)
atsesa (=jatu seso)	six o’clock (at six (o’clock))
avnuba (=javu nubo(y))	cloudy (with (a) cloud(s))
nevnuba (=jnevu nubo(y))	cloudless (without (a) cloud(s))
naklogjika (=jnaku logjiko)	logical (according to logic)
banhiperbola (=jbanu hiperbolo)	hyperbolic (based on a hyperbola)

These adjectives are the complex adjectives with the broadest and most general meaning. More specific meaning can be expressed by using one of the other types of complex adjectives described below.

The following sentences illustrate the use of complex prepositional adjectives.

La urbay parko enats encentra lwoko.	The city park is in a central location.
Dya studantats la anhodja leciono.	She is studying today’s lesson.
Ey vu awskultits la atsesa nuzway peredatco?	Did you listen to the six o’clock news program?
Dumu la dernta semano, dze estintats avnuba tcielo.	During the last week, there has been a cloudy sky.
Myo esperats vidare nevnuba tcielo balde.	I hope to see a cloudless sky soon.
Dyaza geskribo estats mutce naklogjika.	Her writing (thing written) is very logical.
Anhodje moy studuts la banhiperbola trigonometriay funcionoy.	Today we will study the hyperbolic trigonometric functions.

2. Complex feature adjectives

Complex feature adjectives denote a feature of some entity. They are equivalent to a longer link phrase based on the link javu (with (having as (a) feature(s))). There are three subtypes:

a. The first subtype has the following form:

<quant-> + <noun-> + -y- + -a

Here are some examples:

Note the greater precision of meaning achievable with these forms as illustrated by the two adjectives translated as ‘cloudy’. The following sentences illustrate the use of these adjectives.

b.The second subtype has the following form:

<adj-> + <noun-> + -y- + -a

Here are some examples:

Note that in the case of kurttitlya, a brief pause must be made between the two ts so that both of them are heard distinctly. Note also that in the cases of longharya and mokrmurya, a brief neutral vowel (schwa) is inserted between the g and h and between the r and m, respectively, in pronunciation, but is not represented in the written form.

The following sentence illustrates the use of these adjectives:

The adjective root itself may be compound as in the following example:

Note the double use of the underlying preposition avu. In order to be truly accurate, English ought to say freckled-faced.

3. The third subtype has the following form:

<noun-> + <noun-> + -y- + -a

In this third subtype, the second noun is modified by a Type 1 relational adjective based on the first noun root. Here are some examples:

The following sentences illustrate the use of these adjectives.

Complex feature adjectives are widely used in the Linnean terminology for plants and animals and the Ayola words are often close to their Latin equivalents as in longfolya: longifolia (‘long-leaved’) or alnfolya: alnifolia (‘alder-leaved’).

3. Complex recurrence/duration adjectives

Complex recurrence/duration adjectives have the following form:

<quant-> + <noun-> + -w- + -a

They are equivalent to a longer link phrase based on either the link janu (‘occurring on’) or the link jdumu (‘during’). Note that a different suffix, namely -w-, is used in this case because the underlying links are different from javu, which is associated with the -y- suffix. Here are some examples:

The following sentences illustrate the use of these adjectives:

The -y- suffix used in complex adjectives acts very much like the –ed suffix in English and accomplishes three things:

1. It acts like a terminal bracket at the end of the complex adjective root and alerts the listener that what precedes the -y- must be a compound entity. This eliminates any potential ambiguity due to accidental equality of root compounds and single roots. For example, bastonya is interpreted as ‘bass-toned’ even though bastono is the Ayola word for ‘stick’. ‘Sticked’ meaning ‘having sticks’ would be expressed as avbastona in Ayola.

2. It allows the adjectives in adjective-noun feature adjectives to be complex themselves as in avlentiglitsya (‘freckle-faced’).

3. It indicates that the things denoted by the original noun and the noun derived from the complex adjective are not of the same class. For example, rufharyo is a type of person, not a type of hair, and kwarsaydya is a type of polygon, not a type of side.

2.7.6 Prepositional Prefixes

When nouns are derived from complex adjectives consisting of a preposition root and a noun root by changing the -a ending to -o, the thing denoted by the resulting noun is not a type of the thing denoted by the original noun.

However, sometimes it is desirable to build a complex noun from a preposition root and a noun root such that the thing denoted by the complex noun is a type of the thing denoted by the original noun. Examples are subway (a type of way or a type of train) and undergarment (a type of garment). What is needed is some component of the word inserted between the preposition root and the noun root to indicate that the thing denoted by the noun is not the object of the prepositional relation. In Ayola, this task is accomplished by adding an infix -s- (after most consonants) or -z- (after b, d, g. v) between the prepositional root and the noun root. One may think of the -s- or -z- as standing for samwo (something). Note the progression from a longer and more specific two-word phrase to a more compact single word in the following examples:

The roots of all prepositions expressing temporal and spatial relations as well as most of the roots of other prepositions are chosen so as to be compatible with this system. In a few cases, it is necessary to insert a hyphen after the -s- or -z- to indicate that it is an infix and not part of the following noun root.

2.7.7 Properties of Adjectives

This section focuses on three properties of Ayola adjectives, viz. gradability, function, and semantic type.

Gradability

Gradability refers to the property of some adjectives to take a modifying word such as mutce (much), pluse (more), pluste (most), poke (a little bit), mwene (less), and mwente (least) in front of them. This modifying word locates the adjective on a degree scale. Most fundamental adjectives are gradable while most derived ones are not.

Table 2.7-6 Examples of Gradable and Non-gradable Adjectives

However, if the fundamental adjective already denotes the highest position on a degree scale, then it is non-gradable. For instance:

Table 2.7-7 Examples of Non-gradable Fundamental Adjectives

Function

Function refers to the property of adjectives to occupy a certain position in a phrase or a sentence in accordance with its semantic behavior. First, an adjective may function attributively when it occurs before the noun it modifies, as in the following examples:

mala vetero	bad weather
bela filmo	beautiful movie
fema profesoro	woman professor
venda viro	selling man
onmura pikturo	on-wall picture
furtciba moneo	food money
librway vendo	book seller

Secondly, an adjective may function predicatively when it occurs in a predicate following a copulative verb, as in the following examples:

In Ayola fundamental adjectives and descriptive derived adjectives can occur both attributively and predicatively. However, for the derived adjectives, in the simplest constructions the preferred style is the one in which the underlying preposition is verbified.

For more complex constructions the predicative style is often useful.

Relational adjectives can only occur attributively.

2.7.8 Comparatives and Superlatives

Comparative and Superlative Adjective Phrases

Comparative and superlative adjective phrases consist of either a comparative or superlative adverb plus a gradable adjective. The basic three comparative and two superlative adverbs are shown in Table 2.7-8. A comprehensive list showing all comparative and superlative adverbs is shown in Chapter 2.8 Adverbs.

Table 2.7-8 Comparative and Superlative Adverbs

Comparative		Superlative
pluse	more	pluste	most
egle	equally, as	-	-
mwene	less	mwente	least

la pluse hungra animalo	the hungrier animal
la pluste inteligenta studento	the most intelligent student
pluste inteligenta studento	a most intelligent student
la egle inteligenta studento	the equally intelligent student
mwene importenta fakto	a less important idea
la mwente multnubya djurno	the least cloudy day

Note that in superlative adjective phrases, although the definite form is more commonly used, the indefinite form is also allowed. Consider the two phrases above: la pluste inteligenta studento means ‘the most intelligent student (of some group understood by both speaker and listener)’, whereas pluste inteligenta studento means ‘one of a group of most intelligent students (of other groups)’.

Derived Comparative and Superlative Nouns

Sometimes we wish to form a derived noun with a meaning such as ‘a more intelligent one’ or ‘the most intelligent one’ in order to avoid repetition and achieve a more compact style. In Ayola this cannot be done simply by changing the word ending on the adjective from –a to –o because the comparative or superlative adverb cannot modify a noun. Either of the class membership pronouns io or ioy must be used following the adjective.

Here are some examples with definite, indefinite and generic forms:

2.7.9 Adjective Sequences in Ayola

For noun phrases containing strings of two or more adjectives, it is important to establish rules of grouping for the adjectives, i.e. rules governing which words the adjectives modify. Otherwise, potential ambiguities would proliferate enormously as the number of adjectives increases. In Ayola the rules of grouping in adjective strings are very simple.

1. Descriptive adjectives (ending in –a) modify the noun, i.e. the head word of the noun phrase. They may function either descriptively, in which case they describe things like the size, shape, color, etc. of the object denoted by the noun, or categorically, in which case they specify the category of the object denoted by the noun. When descriptive adjectives function descriptively, they are free to move around within the descriptive adjective string. Permuting their order may be done for the purpose of emphasis and style, but does not change the meaning. When descriptive adjectives function categorically, they must occur closer to the noun than those functioning descriptively.

2. Relational adjectives (ending in –ay or –way) usually modify the immediately following word only, and are bound to it. The –ay or –way ending acts like a hyphen, joining the modifier-modified word pair into a single unit which assumes the role of the modified word. However, relational adjectives may occur before descriptive adjectives used categorically and modify the noun following the descriptive adjective. In this case, the categorical descriptive adjective is more tightly bound to the noun than the relational adjective. For example, the species of owl named barn owl in English (tyto alba) is rendered as alba tito in Ayola. If one wanted to talk about American versus Canadian barn owls, one would use the phrases amarikay alba tito versus kanaday alba tito. Note that these geographical relational adjectives are not part of the species name as geographical relational adjectives are in many cases.

The following tables illustrate examples of noun phrases containing adjective strings:

Table 2.7-10 Noun phrases with Descriptive Adjectives Functioning Descriptively

Note that, as in the English equivalents, nuva importenta fakto emphasizes the newness, whereas importenta nuva fakto, emphasizes the importance. However, the meaning is the same.

Table 2.7-11 Noun Phrases with Descriptive Adjectives

Functioning Descriptively or Categorically:

juna fema profesoro (≠ fema juna profesoro)	young woman professor (≠ woman young professor)
longa feruma vergo (≠ feruma longa vergo)	long iron rod (≠ iron long rod)
kelsa alba kwerko (≠ alba kelsa kwerko)	tall white oak (≠ white tall oak)

In the above examples, the derived adjectives fema and feruma, specifying the gender and material, respectively, and the fundamental adjective alba, used in the species name alba kwerko, must remain closer to the noun than the adjectives juna, longa and kelsa, which are used descriptively.

Table 2.7-12 Noun Phrases with a Relational Adjective Preceding the Noun:

vyela librway vendo	old book-seller
juna stelway amo	young star-lover
inteligenta fizikway studento	intelligent physics student
juna inteligenta fizikway studento	young intelligent physics student

Note that the relational-adjective-noun combination acts like a single noun, which may then be modified by a string of descriptive adjectives. In the above phrases, as in those in numbers 3 and 4 below, the hyphen is used in the potentially-ambiguous English phrases to indicate explicitly which words or phrases the adjectives modify.

Table 2.7-13 Noun Phrases with a Relational Adjective

Preceding a Descriptive Adjective:

Note that the relational-adjective-descriptive-adjective combination acts as a single descriptive adjective, which may then be placed within a string of other descriptive adjectives.

Table 2.7-14 Noun Phrases with a Relational Adjective

Preceding Another Relational Adjective:

Note that the relational-adjective-relational-adjective combination acts like a single relational adjective, which may then be placed before a noun so that the three-word combination acts like a single noun, or before a descriptive adjective, so that the three-word combination acts like a single descriptive adjective.

In summary, we list below the six distinct types of two-adjective noun phrases in English which use what we call in Ayola descriptive and relational adjectives:

Note particularly Types (2) and (6).

In Type (2), the adjective ‘old’ modifies only the noun ‘book’, and the combination ‘old-book’ modifies the noun ‘seller’. In Ayola, this grouping is indicated by dropping the –a ending of vyela , hyphenating the roots vyel- and libr- together and creating a complex relational adjective vyel-librway, which modifies the noun vendo.

In Type (6), the meaning of the English word ‘school’ is ‘at-school’, which is translated by the complex descriptive adjective enskula in Ayola. A similar example comes from the second phrase in Table 2.7-12 above. Suppose that we want to say, not ‘Egyptian-art museum’ (= museum of Egyptian art) but ‘Egyptian art-museum’ (= art museum in Egypt). This would be translated in Ayola as enmisra artway muzeo.

Thus Ayola provides a way of saying these noun phrases containing two adjectives using the compact two-adjective format without the use of grouping operators, unambiguously in all six cases. Only one case requires the use of a prepositional prefix.

The following noun phrase illustrates the hierarchy of binding and permutability of adjectives modifying a noun:

The relational adjective fizikway is most tightly bound to the noun. The descriptive adjective fema is used categorically and is next most tightly bound. The descriptive adjectives juna and inteligenta are used descriptively, are most weakly bound, and their order may be permuted.

Exercises

Exercise 1

Veronica and Christopher have just returned from their separate summer vacations. Translate the underlined words in their dialogue.

1. V: I had such a wonderful time at the beach!

2. C: Which beach did you go to?

3. V: Sunset Beach. It has such nice resorts.

4. C: What kind of sand did it have?

5. V: It had such soft sand that it felt like fine flour!

6. C: Such a place would make it hard for me to come home!

7. V: Yes, I agree. Which friends did you go to the lake with?

8. C: Sam and Tony. What kind of people did you meet at Sunset Beach?

9. V: Oh, I met such a variety of people. Which friend enjoyed the lake more?

10. C: Tony did. He’s such a good swimmer.

Exercise 2

Katarina is planning her wedding with her wedding planner. For every idea her planner offers, Katarina demands the opposite. Follow the model and use the compounded interrogative adjectives.

The wedding planner asks…

1. Ye vu vwelats tisya robo? (that kind of)

 Katarina: Now, myo vwelats tatya robo!

2. Ye vu vwelats nulya floroy? (every kind of)

3. Ye vu vwelats memya kirko aske vuza matro vwelits? (another kind of)

4. Ye vu vwelats cakya muziko? (no kind of)

5. Ye vu sabats kiwa torto vuza patro fondits? (my mother)

6. Ye vu vwelats dansare naku tatya kansiono? (this kind of)

7. Ye vu vwelats kantare naku otrya kansiono? (same kind of)

8. Ye vu vwelats bibare nulya vino? (every kind of)

9. Ye vu sabats kiya dansajo vuza familyo fondats? (I)

10. Ye vu vwelats samya gedono jdelu vuza familyo? (every kind of)

Exercise 3

Translate the following phrases by using Ayola simple derived descriptive adjectives. Where possible, note where the adjective is relational or complex. Look up the words in the glossary.

1. apple pie

2. male nurse

3. wood floor

4. paper box

5. iron hammer

6. the below sentence

7. the running woman

8. the falling leaves

9. wallpaper

10. wool sweater

11. concrete building

12. city map

Exercise 4

Translate the English phrases using Ayola complex derived descriptive adjective phrases. First, look at the phrase and rewrite it in English using a preposition. Next, translate these phrases into Ayola adjectival phrases using the correct Ayola preposition roots.

1. on-shore property

2. cookbook

3. out-of-school lesson

4. off-street parking

5. to-New York flight

6. machine-washed clothing

7. ceiling mirror

8. window fan

9. teacup

10. back-to-school shopping

Exercise 5

Translate the phrases using either the descriptive or relational adjective endings (-ay or -way). Note: Some phrases may be translated with more than one adjective form.

1. concert hall

2. garden hose

3. tall man

4. facial cream

5. fragrant flowers

6. winter weather

7. American president

8. beach chairs

9. water bottle

10. green leaves

11. craft museum

12. intelligent students

13. forest animals

14. math class

15. walking shoes

16. computer desk

Exercise 6

Translate the following adjectives and adverbs into Ayola. Consult the glossary if you need to.

1. the most expensive

2. the least difficult

3. richer than

4. as clear as

5. less clean than

6. brighter than

7. prettiest of

8. more humid than

9. less noisy and more attractive

10. wilder than the wildest

11. more noisy that the quietest

12. as happily as the happiest

Exercise 7

Translate the adjective phrases by using the modifying words which describe the matching degree scale. If the adjective phrase CANNOT take a modifying word, write no modification.

1. very nice daughter

2. less intelligent student

3. more chief inspector

4. shorter pants

5. the dirtiest wood floor

6. the heaviest box

7. the smallest tree

8. the least expensive house

9. less falling leaves

Exercise 8

Determine whether or not the underlined adjective in the sentence is being used attributively (A) or predicatively (P).

1. La nuksoy estats delicioza.

2. Dyay vidats fema profesoroy enu la tcambro.

3. Dya fondats avbutera potatoy.

4. La filmo estits mala.

5. Vuza libro no semblats interesa.

6. Myo no awskultats le lawta muziko.

7. Vuza pikturoy bevidats bela.

8. Moy no viadjats dumu mala vetero.

Exercise 9

How can the following sentences be improved? Determine how the adjectives have been used incorrectly or not in the preferred form and rewrite them in the correct or preferred form.

1. Moyza amikoy estats encambra.

2. La muzeo estats artway.

3. Myoza moneo estuts furtciba.

4. La libro estats vonarta.

5. La sedjoy estats pladjay.

Exercise 10

Translate the following phrases into Ayola. Pay attention to the sequencing of the adjectives. Look up the new words in the English-Ayola dictionary.

1. dirty old shoes

2. bright blue sky

3. man in-street seller

4. local at-camp teacher

5. fresh mountain herbs

6. land destroying hurricane

7. professional program director

8. long ship canals

9. plastic beach chairs

10. child language class

11. red painting color

12. spirit lifting music

13. noise making helicopter

14. used-car salesman

15. cold iced coffee

16. ice-cold coffee

17. strawberry cream pie

18. corrupt corporate employee

19. bad emergency healthcare